README - OpenPrinting CUPS Filters v1.28.10 - 2021-08-17 -------------------------------------------------------- Looking for compile instructions? Read the file "INSTALL.txt" instead... INTRODUCTION CUPS is a standards-based, open source printing system developed by Apple Inc. for Mac OS® X and other UNIX®-like operating systems. CUPS uses the Internet Printing Protocol ("IPP") and provides System V and Berkeley command-line interfaces, a web interface, and a C API to manage printers and print jobs. This package contains backends, filters, and other software that was once part of the core CUPS distribution but is no longer maintained by Apple Inc. In addition it contains additional filters and software developed independently of Apple, especially filters for the PDF-centric printing workflow introduced by OpenPrinting and a daemon to browse broadcasts of remote CUPS printers and IPP printers to make them available locally. From CUPS 1.6.0 on, this package is required for using printer drivers (and also driverless printing) with CUPS under Linux. With CUPS 1.5.x and 1.4.x this package can be used optionally to switch over to PDF-based printing. In that case some filters are provided by both CUPS and this package. Then the filters of this package should be used. For compiling and using this package CUPS, libqpdf (8.3.0 or newer), libjpeg, libpng, libtiff, freetype, fontconfig, liblcms (liblcms2 recommended), libavahi-common, libavahi-client, libdbus, and glib are needed. It is highly recommended, especially if non-PDF printers are used, to have at least one of Ghostscript, Poppler, or MuPDF. The Poppler-based pdftoraster filter needs a C++ compiler which supports C++11 and Poppler being built with the "./configure" option "-DENABLE_CPP=ON" for building the C++ support library libpoppler-cpp. This is the case for most modern Linux distributions. If you use MuPDF as PDF renderer make sure to use at least version 1.15, as the older versions have bugs and so some files get not printed correctly. For Apple Raster output (used by AirPrint printers) at least CUPS 2.2.2 is required. For Braille embosser support (see below) you will also need at least liblouis, ImageMagick, and poppler-utils. Recommended is to also have liblouisutdml, antiword, docx2txt for more sophisticated Braille generation representing also the formatting of the input text. None of these is needed for compiling cups-filters. CUPS, this package, and Ghostscript contain some rudimentary printer drivers and especially the filters needed for driverless printing (currently PWG Raster, Apple Raster, PCLm, and PDF output formats, for printers supporting IPP Everywhere, AirPrint, Wi-Fi Direct, and other standards), see http://www.openprinting.org/drivers/ for a more comprehensive set of printer drivers for Linux. See https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/openprinting/pdf_as_standard_print_job_format for information about the PDF-based printing workflow. Report bugs to https://github.com/OpenPrinting/cups-filters/issues or alternatively to https://bugs.linuxfoundation.org/ Choose "OpenPrinting" as the product and "cups-filters" as the component. See the "COPYING" files for legal information. IMAGE PRINTING DEFAULT CHANGED TO "SCALE TO FIT" Compared to the PostScript-based original CUPS filters there is a change of defaults: The imagetopdf and imagetoraster filters print in "scale-to-fit" mode (image is scaled to fill one page but nothing of the image being cut off) by default. This is done to support photo printing via AirPrint. The photo apps on Apple's iOS devices send print jobs as JPEG images and do not allow to set any options like "scaling" or the page size. With "scale-to-fit" mode set by default, the iOS photos come out on one page, as expected. To get back to the old behavior, supply one of the options "nofitplot" "filplot=Off", "nofit-to-page", or "fit-to-page=Off". GHOSTSCRIPT RENDERING OF FILLED PATHS When Ghostscript is rendering PostScript or PDF files into a raster format the filled paths are ususally rendered with the any-part-of-pixel method as it is PostScript standard. On low-resolution printers, like label printers with 203 dpi, graphics output can get inaccurate and so for example bar codes do not work any more. This problem can be solved by letting Ghostscript use the center-of-pixel method. This can be done by either supplying the option "-o center-of-pixel" or "-o CenterOfPixel" on the command line when printing or by adding a "CenterOfPixel" option to the PPD file and set it to "true", for example by adding the following lines to the PPD file of the print queue (usually in /etc/cups/ppd/): *OpenUI *CenterOfPixel/Center Of Pixel: PickOne *OrderDependency: 20 AnySetup *CenterOfPixel *DefaultCenterOfPixel: true *CenterOfPixel true/true: "" *CenterOfPixel false/false: "" *CloseUI: *CenterOfPixel This option can be used when the print queue uses the gstoraster filter. POSTSCRIPT PRINTING RENDERER AND RESOLUTION SELECTION If you use CUPS with this package and a PostScript printer then the included pdftops filter converts the print job data which is in PDF format into PostScript. By default, the PostScript is generated with Ghostscript's "ps2write" output device, which generates a DSC-conforming PostScript with compressed embedded fonts and compressed page content. This is resource-saving and leads to fast wire transfer of print jobs to the printer. Unfortunately, Ghostscript's PostScript output is not compatible with some printers due to interpreter bugs in the printer and in addition, processing (by Ghostscript or by the printer's interpreter) can get very slow with high printing resolutions when parts of the incoming PDF file are converted to bitmaps if they contain graphical structures which are not supported by PostScript. The bitmap problem especially occurs on input files with transparency, especially also the ones produced by Cairo (evince and many other GNOME/GTK applications) which unnecessarily introduces transparency even if the input PDF has no transparency. Therefore there are two possibilities to configure pdftops at runtime: 1. Selection of the renderer: Ghostscript, Poppler, pdftocairo, Adobe Reader, or MuPDF Ghostscript has better color management and is generally optimized more for printing. Poppler produces a PostScript which is compatible with more buggy built-in PostScript interpreters of printers and it leads to a somewhat quicker workflow when graphical structures of the input PDF has to be turned into bitmaps. Adobe Reader is the PDF renderer from Adobe, the ones who created PDF and PostScript. pdftocairo is a good choice for the PDF output of Cairo (for example when printing from evince). It is less resource-consuming when rasterizing graphical elements which cannot be represented in PostScript (like transparency). Note that pdftocairo only supports PDF input using DeviceRGB, DeviceGray, RGB or sGray and is not capable of generating PostScript level 1. So its support is only experimental and distributions should not choose it as default. The selection is done by the "pdftops-renderer" option, setting it to "gs", "pdftops", "pdftocairo", "acroread", "mupdf", or "hybrid": Per-job: lpr -o pdftops-renderer=pdftops ... Per-queue default: lpadmin -p printer -o pdftops-renderer-default=gs Remove default: lpadmin -p printer -R pdftops-renderer-default By default, pdftops uses Ghostscript if this does not get changed at compile time, for example by the Linux distribution vendor. Hybrid means Ghostscript for most printers, but Poppler's pdftops for Brother, Minolta, and Konica Minolta. Printer make and model information comes from the PPD or via the "make-and-model" option. 2. Limitation of the image rendering resolution If graphical structures of the incoming PDF file have to be converted to bitmaps due to limitations of PostScript, the conversion of the file by pdftops or the rendering by the printer can get too slow if the bitmap resolution is too high or the printout quality can degrade if the bitmap resolution is too low. By default, pdftops tries to find out the actual printing resolution and sets the resolution for bitmap generation to the same value. If it cannot find the printing resolution, it uses 300 dpi. It never goes higher than a limit of 1440 dpi. Note that this default limit can get changed at compile time, for example by the Linux distribution vendor. The resolution limit for bitmaps can be changed to a lower or higher value, or be set to unlimited. This is done by the option "pdftops-max-image-resolution", setting it to the desired value (in dpi) or to zero for unlimited. It can be used per-job or as per-queue default as the "pdftops-renderer" option described above. The "pdftops-max-image-resolution" option is ignored when Adobe Reader is selected as PDF renderer. POSTSCRIPT PRINTING DEBUG MODE Sometimes a PostScript printer's interpreter errors, crashes, or somehow else misbehaves on Ghostscript's output. To find workarounds (currently we have already workarounds for Brother and Kyocera) it is much easier to work with uncompressed PostScript. To get uncompressed PostScript as output, send a job with the "psdebug" option, with commands like the following: lpr -P -o psdebug lp -d -o psdebug If you want to send your job out of a desktop application, run lpoptions -p -o psdebug to make "psdebug" a personal default setting for you. To extract the PostScript output for a developer to analyse it, clone your print queue to a one which prints into a file: cupsctl FileDevice=yes lpadmin -p test -E -v file:/tmp/printout \ -P /etc/cups/ppd/.ppd and print into this queue as described above. The PostScript output is in /tmp/printout after the job has completed. This option does not change anything if Poppler's pdftops is used as renderer. HELPER DAEMON FOR BROWSING REMOTE CUPS PRINTERS AND IPP NETWORK PRINTERS From version 1.6.0 on in CUPS the CUPS broadcasting/browsing facility was dropped, in favour of Bonjour-based broadcasting of shared printers. This is done as Bonjour broadcasting of shared printers is a standard, established by the PWG (Printing Working Group, http://www.pwg.org/), and most other network services (shared file systems, shared media files/streams, remote desktop services, ...) are also broadcasted via Bonjour. Problem is that CUPS only broadcasts its shared printers but does not browse broadcasts of other CUPS servers to make the shared remote printers available locally without any configuration efforts. This is a regression compared to the old CUPS broadcasting/browsing. The intention of CUPS upstream is that the application's print dialogs browse the Bonjour broadcasts as an AirPrint-capable iPhone does, but it will take its time until all toolkit developers add the needed functionality, and programs using old toolkits or no toolkits at all, or the command line stay uncovered. The solution is cups-browsed, a helper daemon running in parallel to the CUPS daemon which listens to Bonjour broadcasts of shared CUPS printers on remote machines in the local network via Avahi, and can also listen for (and send) CUPS Browsing broadcasts. For each reported remote printer it creates a local raw queue pointing to the remote printer so that the printer appears in local print dialogs and is also available for printing via the command line. As with the former CUPS broadcasting/browsing with this queue the driver on the server is used and the local print dialogs give access to all options of the server-side printer driver. Note that CUPS broadcasting/browsing is available for legacy support, to let the local CUPS daemon work seamlessly together with remote CUPS daemons of version 1.5.x and older which only support CUPS broadcasting/browsing. In networks with only CUPS 1.6.x servers (or Ubuntu or Fedora/Red Hat servers with CUPS 1.5.x) please use the native Bonjour broadcasting of your servers and cups-browsed, configured for Bonjour browsing only on the clients. Also high availability with redundant print servers and load balancing is supported. If there is more than one server providing a shared print queue with the same name, cups-browsed forms a cluster locally with this name as queue name and printing through the "implicitclass" backend. Each job triggers cups-browsed to check which remote queue is suitable for the job, meaning that it is enabled, accepts jobs, and is not currently printing. If none of the remote queues fulfills these criteria, we check again in 5 seconds, until a printer gets free to accommodate the job. When we search for a free printer, we do not start at the first in the list, but always on the one after the last one used (as CUPS also does with classes), so that all printer get used, even if the frequency of jobs is low. This is also what CUPS formerly did with implicit classes. Optionally, jobs can be sent immediately into the remote queue with the lowest number of waiting jobs, so that no local queue of waiting jobs is built up. For maximum security cups-browsed uses IPPS (encrypted IPP) whenever possible. In addition, cups-browsed is also capable of discovering IPP network printers (native printers, not CUPS queues) with known page description languages (PWG Raster, Apple Raster, PDF, PostScript, PCL XL, PCL 5c/e) in the local network and auto-create print queues with auto-created PPD file or PPD-less for them (for the latter using a System V interface script to control the filter chain, only available for CUPS 2.1.0 and older, clients have to IPP-poll the capabilities of the printer and send option settings as standard IPP attributes then). This functionality is primarily for mobile devices running CUPS to not need a printer setup tool nor a collection of printer drivers and PPDs. cups-browsed can also be started on-demand, for example to save resources on mobile devices. For this, cups-browsed can be set into an auto shutdown mode so that it stops automatically when it has no remote printers to take care of any more, especially if an on-demand running avahi-daemon stops. Note that CUPS must stay running for cups-browsed removing its queues and so being able to shut down. Ideal is if CUPS stays running another 30 seconds after finishing its last job so that cups-browsed can take down the queue. For how to set up and control this mode via command line, configuration directives, or sending signals see the man pages cups-browsed(8) and cups-browsed.conf(5). The configuration file for cups-browsed is /etc/cups/cups-browsed.conf. This file can include limited forms of the original CUPS BrowseRemoteProtocols, BrowseLocalProtocols, BrowsePoll, and BrowseAllow directives. It also can contain the new CreateIPPPrinterQueues to activate discovering of IPP network printers and creating PPD-less queues for them. Note that cups-browsed does not work with remote CUPS servers specified by a client.conf file. It always connects to the local CUPS daemon by setting the CUPS_SERVER environment variable and so overriding client.conf. If your local CUPS daemon uses a non-standard domain socket as only way of access, you need to specify it via the DomainSocket directive in /etc/cups/cups-browsed.conf. The "make install" process installs init scripts which make the daemon automatically started during boot. You can also manually start it with (as root): /usr/sbin/cups-browsed & or in debug mode with /usr/sbin/cups-browsed --debug Shut it down by sending signal 2 (SIGINT) or 15 (SIGTERM) to it. The queues which it has created get removed then (except a queue set as system default, to not loose its system default state). On systems using systemd use a /usr/lib/systemd/system/cups-browsed.service file like this: [Unit] Description=Make remote CUPS printers available locally After=cups.service avahi-daemon.service Wants=cups.service avahi-daemon.service [Service] ExecStart=/usr/sbin/cups-browsed [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target On systems using Upstart use an /etc/init/cups-browsed.conf file like this: start on (filesystem and (started cups or runlevel [2345])) stop on runlevel [016] respawn respawn limit 3 240 pre-start script [ -x /usr/sbin/cups-browsed ] end script exec /usr/sbin/cups-browsed These files are included in the source distribution as utils/cups-browsed.service and utils/cups-browsed-upstart.conf. In the examples we start cups-browsed after starting avahi-daemon. This is not required. If cups-browsed starts first, then Bonjour/DNS-SD browsing kicks in as soon as avahi-daemon comes up. cups-browsed is also robust against any shutdown and restart of avahi-daemon. Here is some info on how cups-browsed works internally (first concept of a daemon which does only Bonjour browsing): - Daemon start o Wait for CUPS daemon if it is not running o Read out all CUPS queues created by this daemon (in former sessions) o Mark them unconfirmed and set timeout 10 sec from now - Main loop (use avahi_simple_poll_iterate() to do queue list maintenance regularly) o Event: New printer shows up + Queue for printer is already created by this daemon -> Mark list entry confirmed, if discovered printer is ipps but existing queue ipp, upgrade existing queue by setting URI to ipps. Set status to to-be-created and timeout to now-1 sec to make the CUPS queue be updated. + Queue does not yet exist -> Mark as to-be-created and set timeout to now-1 sec. o Event: A printer disappears + If we have listed a queue for it, mark the entry as disappeared, set timeout to now-1 sec o On any of the above events and every 2 sec + Check through list of our listed queues - If queue is unconfirmed and timeout has passed, mark it as disappeared, set timeout to now-1 sec - If queue is marked disappered and timeout has passed, check whether there are still jobs in it, if yes, set timeout to 10 sec from now, if no, remove the CUPS queue and the queue entry in our list. If removal fails, set timeout to 10 sec. - If queue is to-be-created, create it, if succeeded set to confirmed, if not, set timeout to 10 sec fron now. printer-is-shared must be set to false. - Daemon shutdown o Remove all CUPS queues in our list, as long as they do not have jobs. Do not overwrite existing queues which are not created by us If the simple name is already taken, try to create a @ name, if this is also taken, ignore the remote printer. Do not retry, to avoid polling CUPS all the time. Do not remove queues which are not created by us. We do this by listing only our queues and remove only listed queues. Queue names: Use the name of the remote queue. If a queue with the same name from another server already exists, mark the new queue as duplicate and when a queue disappears, check whether it has duplicates and change the URI of the disappeared queue to the URI of the first duplicate, mark the queue as to-be-created with timeout now-1 sec (to update the URI of the CUPS queue) and mark the duplicate disappeared with timeout now-1 sec. In terms of high availability we replace the old load balancing of the implicit class by a failover solution. Alternatively (not implemented), if queue with same name but from other server appears, create new queue as @. When queue with simple name is removed, replace the first of the others by one with simple name (mark old queue disappeared with timeout now-1 sec and create new queue with simple name). Fill description of the created CUPS queue with the Bonjour service name (= original description) and location with the server name without .local. stderr messages only in debug mode (command line options: "--debug" or "-d" or "-v"). Queue identified as from this daemon by doing the equivalent of "lpadmin -p printer -o cups-browsed-default", this generates a "cups-browsed" attribute in printers.conf with value "true". CUPS FILTERS FOR PDF AS STANDARD PRINT JOB FORMAT Here is documentation from the former CUPS add-on tarball with the filters for the PDF-based printing workflow: imagetopdf, texttopdf, pdftopdf, and pdftoraster The original filters are from http://sourceforge.jp/projects/opfc/ NOTE: the texttops and imagetops filters shipping with this package are simple wrapper scripts for backward compatibility with third-party PPD files and custom configurations. There are not referred to in the cupsfilters.convs file and therefore not used by the default configuration. Direct conversion of text or images to PostScript is deprecated in the PDF-based printing workflow. So do not use these filters when creating new PPDs or custom configurations. The parameters for these filters are the same as for texttopdf and imagetopdf (see below) as the ...tops filter calls the ....topdf filter plus Ghostscript's pdf2ps. IMAGETOPDF ========== 1. INTRODUCTION This program is "imagetopdf". "imagetopdf" is a CUPS filter which reads a single image file, converts it into a PDF file and outputs it to stdout. This program accepts the following image file format; gif, png, jpeg, tiff, photocd, portable-anymap, portable-bitmap, portable-graymap, portable-pixmap, sgi-rgb, sun-raster, xbitmap, xpixmap, xwindowdump xbitmap, xpixmap and xwindowdump images are converted into png images by the "convert" command. Other kinds of image file format can be supported if the "convert" command support them. Output PDF file format conforms to PDF version 1.3 specification, and input image is converted and contained in the output PDF file as a binary format non-compression image. "imagetopdf" may outputs multiple pages if the input image exceeds page printable area. 2. LICENSE "imagetopdf.c" is under the CUPS license. See the "COPYING" file. For other files, see the copyright notice and license of each file. 3. COMMAND LINE "imagetopdf" is a CUPS filter, and the command line arguments, environment variables and configuration files are in accordance with the CUPS filter interface. imagetopdf <num-copies> <options> [<filename>] "imagetopdf" ignores <job> and <user>. <title> is appended into the PDF dictionary as /Title. <num-copies> specifies the number of document copies. <options> is a CUPS option list. <filename> is an input image file name. When omit the <filename>, "imagetopdf" reads an image file from stdin. 4. ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES This program refers the following environment variable; PPD: PPD file name of the printer. 5. COMMAND OPTIONS "imagetopdf" accepts the following CUPS standard options; fitplot mirror PageSize page-left, page-right, page-bottom, page-top OutputOrder Collate sides cupsEvenDuplex position scaling ppi natural-scaling landscape orientation-requested See the CUPS documents for details of these options. 6. KNOWN PROBLEMS Problem: PBM and SUN raster images can not be printed. Solution: Due to the CUPS libcupsimage library's bug. Update the CUPS on your system. 7. INFORMATION FOR DEVELOPERS Following information is for developers, not for driver users. 7.1 Options handled by a printer or "imagetopdf" Following options are handled by a printer or "imagetopdf". Collate, Copies, Duplex, OutputOrder Which handles these options depends on following options and attributes. Collate, Copies, Duplex, OutputOrder, cupsEvenDuplex, cupsManualCopies "imagetopdf" judges whether a printer can handle these options according to the followings option settings in a PPD file. Collate: If Collate is defined, "imagetopdf" judges the printer supports Collate. Copies: If cupsManualCopies is defined as True, "imagetopdf" judges the printer does not support Copies feature. 　 Duplex: If Duplex is defined, "imagetopdf" judges the printer supports Duplex. If cupsEvenDuplex is True, Number of pages must be even. OutputOrder: If OutputOrder is defined, "imagetopdf" judges the printer supports OutputOrder. If the printer cannot handle these options, "imagetopdf" handles it. Following pseudo program describes how "imagetopdf" judges to handle these options. Variables Copies : specified Copies Duplex : specified Duplex Collate : specified Collate OutputOrder : specified OutputOrder EvenDuplex : specified cupsEvenDuplex pages : number of pages number_up : specified number-up device_copies : Copies passed to the printer device_duplex : Duplex passed to the printer device_collate : Collate passed to the printer device_outputorder : OutputOrder passed to the printer soft_copies : copies by imagetopdf device_copies = 1; device_duplex = False; device_collate = False; device_outputorder = False; if (Copies == 1) { /* Collate is not needed. */ Collate = False; } if (!Duplex) { /* EvenDuplex is not needed */ EvenDuplex = False; } if (Copies > 1 && the printer can handle Copies) device_copies = Copies; if (Duplex && the printer can handle Duplex) { device_duplex = True; } else { /* imagetopdf cannot handle Duplex */ } if (Collate && the printer can handle Collate) device_collate = True; if (OutputOrder == Reverse && the printer can handle OutputOrder) device_outputorder = True; if (Collate && !device_collate) { /* The printer cannot handle Collate. So imagetopdf handle Copies */ device_copies = 1; } if (device_copies != Copies /* imagetopdf handle Copies */ && Duplex) /* Make imagetopdf handle Collate, otherwise both paper side may have same page */ Collate = True; device_collate = False; } if (Duplex && Collate && !device_collate) { /* Handle EvenDuplex, otherwise the last page has the next copy's first page in the other side of the paper. */ EvenDuplex = True; } if (Duplex && OutputOrder == Reverse && !device_outputorder) { /* Handle EvenDuplex, otherwise the first page's other side of paper is empty. */ EvenDuplex = True; } soft_copies = device_copies > 1 ? 1 : Copies; 7.2 JCL When you print PDF files to a PostScript(PS) printer, you can specify device options in PS. In this case, you can write PS commands in a PPD file like as follows. *OpenUI *Resolution/Resolution : PickOne *DefaultResolution: 600 *Resolution 300/300 dpi: "<</HWResolution[300 300]>>setpagedevice" *Resolution 600/600 dpi: "<</HWResolution[600 600]>>setpagedevice" *CloseUI: *Resolution However, if options cannot be described in PS file, you can write JCLs as follows; *JCLOpenUI *JCLFrameBufferSize/Frame Buffer Size: PickOne *DefaultJCLFrameBufferSize: Letter *OrderDependency: 20 JCLSetup *JCLFrameBufferSize *JCLFrameBufferSize Off: '@PJL SET PAGEPROTECT = OFF<0A>' *JCLFrameBufferSize Letter: '@PJL SET PAGEPROTECT = LTR<0A>' *JCLFrameBufferSize Legal: '@PJL SET PAGEPROTECT = LGL<0A>' *JCLCloseUI: *JCLFrameBufferSize Because PDF cannot specify device options in a PDF file, you have to define all the device options as JCLs. When a printer does not support PS or PDF, you can use Ghostscript (GS). In this case, you can specify device options like a PS printer. If you want to use the same printer and same PPD file for both PDF and PS printing, when you print a PS file, you can specify that GS handles it, and when you print a PDF file, you can also specify that PDF filters handle it in the same PPD file. However in this case, previous methods is not appropriate to specify device options. So, "imagetopdf" handles this case as follows; (In following pseudo program, JCL option is an option specified with JCLOpenUI) if (Both JCLBegin and JCLToPSInterpreter are specified in the PPD file) { output JCLs that marked JCL options. } if (pdftopdfJCLBegin attribute is specified in the PPD file) { output it's value } if (Copies option is specified in the PPD file) { mark Number of copies specified } else if (pdftopdfJCLCopies is specified in the PPD file) { output JCL specified with JCLCopies } for (each marked options) { if (pdftopdfJCL<marked option's name> is specified in the PPD file) { output it's value as a JCL } else if (pdftopdfJCLBegin attributes is specified in the PPD file) { output "<option's name>=<marked choice>;" as a JCL } } output NEWLINE Thus, if you want to use both PDF filters and GS by single PPD file, what you should do is to add the following line in the PPD file; *pdftopdfJCLBegin: "pdfto... jobInfo:" Replace "pdfto..." by the name of the actual filter to be called after pdftopdf. Note: If you specify JCLBegin, you have to specify JCLToPSInterpreter as well. Note: When you need to specify the value which is different from the choosen value based on the PPD into the jobInfo, you have to specify the values with the key started by "pdftopdfJCL" string. For example, if the page size is defined in a PPD file as following; *OpenUI *PageSize/Page Size: PickOne *DefaultPageSize: A4 *PageSize A4/A4: *PageSize Letter/US Letter: *CloseUI: *PageSize if you choose the page size "Letter", the string "PageSize=Letter;" is added to jobInfo. On the other hand, if the driver requires the different value for the "Letter" size, for instance driver requires "PS=LT;" instead of "PageSize=Letter;" as the jobInfo value, the PPD file has to be defined as following; *OpenUI *PageSize/Page Size: PickOne *DefaultPageSize: A4 *PageSize A4/A4: *pdftopdfJCLPageSize A4/A4: "PS=A4;" *PageSize Letter/US Letter: *pdftopdfJCLPageSize Letter/US Letter: "PS=LT;" *CloseUI: *PageSize 7.3 Temporally files location "imagetopdf" creates temporally files if needed. Temporary files are created in the location specified by TMPDIR environment variable. Default location is "/tmp". PDFTOPDF ======== The pdftopdf filter depends on libqpdf to read and write PDF files. It replaces and imitates the pstops filter in the PDF-based workflow. A similar filter (which can serve as behavior reference) is called "cgpdftopdf" in OS X (not open source). Command line ------------ pdftopdf follows the usual CUPS filter calling conventions, i.e. pdftopdf <job> <user> <title> <num-copies> <options> [<filename>] together with the environment variables "PPD" and "CLASSIFICATION". When omitting <filename>, "pdftopdf" reads a PDF file from stdin. Internally this will write the data to a temporary file, because the PDF format cannot be processed in a streaming fashion. <options> are delimited by space; boolean type CUPS options can be set by only adding the option key, other types are provided as pairs of key and value, <key>=<value>. pdftopdf processes the following standard command-line and/or PPD options: Copies # ppd will only override, when commandline parameter was 1 fitplot / fit-to-page / ipp-attribute-fidelity landscape / orientation-requested PageSize / page-size / MediaSize / media-size page-left / page-right / page-bottom / page-top media-top-margin / media-left-margin / media-right-margin / media-bottom-margin Duplex / JCLDuplex / EFDuplex / JD03Duplex / sides number-up / number-up-layout page-border OutputOrder / OutputBin / DefaultOutputOrder / page-delivery page-label page-set page-ranges MirrorPrint / mirror emit-jcl position Collate / multiple-document-handling / sheet-collate cupsEvenDuplex cupsManualCopies # via ppd Additional (non-standard) options --------------------------------- 1) Booklet printing booklet=Off/On/Shuffle-Only "On" also tries to set DuplexTumble (two-sided-short-edge) and forces number-up=2 booklet-signature=(multiple of 4, or default: -1 to use "all pages") 2) Page autorotate pdftopdf automatically rotates pages to the same orientation, instead of (e.g. fitplot) scaling them down unrotated. This behavier can be controlled by pdfAutorotate / nopdfAutorotate Specifically, if a PDF file contains pages with page width greater than page height (a landscape page), such pages are automatically rotated anticlockwise by 90 degrees, unless the PPD file specifies "*LandscapeOrientation: Minus90". In this case, clockwise rotation is used. To turn off the feature on a job-by-job basis use lp -d <print_queue_name> -o nopdfAutorotate <document> On a per-queue basis use -o nopdfAutorotate-default as an option to lpadmin. When the 'landscape' or 'orientation-requested=4' (or =5) option of CUPS is given, the pdfAutorotate processing will adjust and accordingly rotate the non-landscape pages are rotated instead. Note: Some pages might end up 180 degree rotated (instead of 0 degree). Those should probably be rotated manually before binding the pages together. 3) Method of flattening interactive PDF forms and annotations. Some PDF files (like application forms) contain interactive forms which the user can fill in inside a PDF viewer like evince. The filled in data is not integrated in each page of the PDF file but stored in an extra layer. Due to this the data gets lost when applying manipulations like scaling or N-up to the pages. To prevent the loss of the data pdftopdf flattens the form before doing the manipulations. This means the PDF will be converted into a static PDF file with the data being integral part of the pages. The same flattening is needed for annotations in PDF files. By default the actual flattening work is done by QPDF, as QPDF is also doing everything else in pdftopdf. This way no external utilities need to be called and so extra piping between processes and extra PDF interpreter runs are avoided which makes the filtering process faster. As we did not test the new QPDF-based form-flattening with thousands of PDF files yet and it has not been available to actual users yet it is possible that there are still some bugs. To give users a possibility to work around possible bugs in QPDF's form flattening, we have introduced an option to get back to the old flattening by the external tools pdftocairo or Ghostscript. The selection of the method is done by the "pdftopdf-form-flattening" option, setting it to "auto", "qpdf", "pdftocairo", "ghostscript", "gs", "internal" or "external": Per-job: lpr -o pdftopdf-form-flattening=pdftocairo ... Per-queue default: lpadmin -p printer -o pdftopdf-form-flattening-default=gs Remove default: lpadmin -p printer -R pdftopdf-form-flattening-default By default, pdftopdf uses QPDF if the option is not supplied, also the settings "auto" and "internal" make QPDF being used. "external" auto-selects from the two external utilities, trying pdftocairo at first and on failure Ghostscript. If the selected utility fails, the form stays unflattened and so the filled in data will possibly not get printed. Native PDF Printer / JCL Support -------------------------------- Note that for most modern native PDF printers JCL is not needed any more as they are controlled via IPP. For these the PPD files get auto-generated by the support of CUPS and cups-filters for driverless IPP printing. pdftopdf will emit JCL when provided with a PPD file that includes the "*JCLToPDFInterpreter:" keyword. This enables for hardware copy generation and device collate; e.g. with PJL: *JCLBegin: "<1B>%-12345X@PJL JOB<0A>" *JCLToPDFInterpreter: "@PJL ENTER LANGUAGE = PDF <0A>" *JCLEnd: "<1B>%-12345X@PJL EOJ <0A><1B>%-12345X" For each marked option, the prefixed "pdftopdfJCL<option name>" keywords can also be used to send raw JCL strings for that option. These keywords also include *pdftopdfJCLBegin and *pdftopdfJCLCopies, This allows the use of the same PPD for PDF- and PS-based workflows, as pdftopdfJCL... will not be read in the PS case. When the PPD contains the "Copies" keyword, pdftopdf will detect the use of PJL and has special code which adds "@PJL SET COPIES=...", or "@PJL SET QTY=...", respectively. Other JCL code can be injected via "*JCLOpenUI: ..." ... "*JCLCloseUI: ...". Special PDF comments -------------------- pdftopdf adds comments to the pdf preamble that might esp. be of use to subsequent filters, e.g. % This file was generated by pdftopdf %%PDFTOPDFNumCopies : 1 %%PDFTOPDFCollate : false The "NumCopies" and "Collate" values refer to the expected device/hardware copies, i.e. when pdftopdf's soft-copy generation did not handle this options. Limitations ----------- pdftopdf does not support functions that are not related to printing features, including interactive features and document interchange features. Many of these operators and sections are just ignored. Some of these may be output, but those functions are not assured. Most notable is the use of AcroForms; their content will not be printed if any non-trivial processing by pdftopdf is involved (e.g. "fitplot"). This only occurs when a file is printed directly, e.g. by "lpr". Usual PDF viewer applications (xpdf, evince, acroread, ghostscript, ...) will hardcopy the form content into printable pdf operations, when choosing to print such a document. Known issues ------------ - Borders, esp. in the "number-up=1 fitplot=false"-case might be drawn at incorrect locations. - JCL documentation is sparse. The imagetopdf or old pdftopdf documentation contains a tad more information. - Missing AcroForm-content might surprise users printing PDF files directly / from the command-line (see the Limitations section, above). License ------- pdftopdf is released under the MIT license. The required libqpdf is available under version 2.0 of the Apache License, e.g. here: https://github.com/qpdf/qpdf TEXTTOPDF ========= This implements a texttopdf filter, and is derived from cups' texttops. To configure: ------------- - texttopdf uses CUPS_DATADIR/charset/pdf.utf-8 for font configuration (when utf-8 was requested as charset). The font names given there are used as fontconfig selectors; the best matching font, that is both monospaced and in a supported format (TTC, TTF or OTF) will then be used. - As a special exception, all fontnames that start with a '.' or '/' are considered filenames, and fontconfig is skipped; the name is used directly for loading the font file. - Implementation note: TrueType Collections (.TTC) are internally handled by appending '/' and the index of the font inside the collection to the filename (e.g. to use the second font of uming.ttc, the filename uming.ttc/1 must be given to the fontembed-library). By appending the index-field returned from fontconfig, this is completely transparent to the user (but currently not widely tested). - You may look at the two examples: pdf.utf-8.simple and pdf.utf-8.heavy. To use: ------- The filter is called just like any other cups filter. Have a look at test.sh for example. Known Issues ------------ - Text extraction does not work (at least for pdftotext from xpdf) for the resulting pdfs. - OTF(CFF) embedding currently does not subset the fonts. - Text wrapping in pretty-printing mode does not respect double-wide characters (CJK), and thus produce wrong results (wrap too late) for lines where they occur. The fix is not trivial, since all the pretty-printing processing is done without knowledge of / prior to the font configuration (which is where single or double width code-ranges are specified). - The hebrew example in test5.pdf shows one of our limitations: Compose glyphs are not composed with the primary glyph but printed as separate glyphs. Further Infos ------------- Font embedding is handled by libfontembed in the filter/fontembed subdirectory. Please report all bugs to https://github.com/OpenPrinting/cups-filters/issues or to https://bugs.linuxfoundation.org/ (product "OpenPrinting", component "cups-filters"). PDFTORASTER =========== 1. INTRODUCTION "pdftoraster" is a filter for CUPS. It reads PDF files, convert it and output CUPS raster. "pdftoraster" does not support functions that are not related to printing features, including interactive features and document interchange features. Many of these operators and sections are just ignored. Some of these may be output, but those functions are not assured. Encryption feature is not supported. 2. LICENSE Almost all source files are under MIT like license. However, "pdftoraster" links some "poppler" libraries, and these files are under GNU public license. See copyright notice of each file for details. 3. COMMAND LINE "pdftoraster" is a CUPS filter, and the command line arguments, environment variables and configuration files are in accordance with the CUPS filter interface. pdftoraster <job> <user> <title> <num-copies> <options> [<filename>] "pdftoraster" ignores <job> and <user>. <title> is appended into the PDF dictionary as /Title. <num-copies> specifies the number of document copies. <options> is a CUPS option list. <filename> is an input PDF file name. When omit the <filename>, "pdftoraster" reads a PDF file from the stdin, and save it as a temporary file. 4. ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES This program refers the following environment variable; PPD: PPD file name of the printer. 5. COMMAND OPTIONS See CUPS documents for details. 6. INFORMATION FOR DEVELOPERS Following information is for developers, not for driver users. 6.1 Options handled by a printer or "pdftoraster" "pdftopdf" outputs the following special comments from the 4th line in the created PDF data. %%PDFTOPDFNumCopies : <copies> --- <copies> specified Number of Copies %%PDFTOPDFCollate : <collate> --- <collate> is true or false "pdftoraster" overrides the command line options by above two option's values. 6.2 Temporally files location "pdftoraster" creates temporally files if needed. Temporary files are created in the location specified by TMPDIR environment variable. Default location is "/tmp". URFTOPDF ======== "urftopdf" is a filter to convert Apple's proprietary URF raster format into PDF. URF raster is generated by some iOS applications when printing via Airprint, so this filter provides a more complete support for AirPrint clients. Note that it is not clear whether nowadays all iOS applications send PDF and not URF any more. Also the filter does not support all variants of URF format so the URF support is most probably incomplete. Apple does not provide any official documentation of the format but there is already some reverse engineering done. A description of the format as far as it got found out and two sample files can be found here: https://github.com/AlanQuatermain/unirast An actual implementation of an urftopdf filter is here: https://github.com/superna9999/urftopdf This original version uses libharu and to avoid an extra dependency the filter coming with this package is converted to use libqpdf instead (the same library as pdftopdf uses). License: GNU General Public License version 3 or any newer version TEXTTOTEXT ========== This is a special filter for text-only printers (e. g. line printers, daisy-wheel printers, POS printers, ...) or for using printers in their text mode (e. g. dot-matrix printers or otherwise unsupported printers). It takes plain text (UTF-8-encoded as this is standard with CUPS) and not PDF as input. The texttotext filter replaces the former textonly filter. It is for the following use cases: - Using text-only printers, like line printers or daisy-wheel printers. Note that only text can get printed in the way the printer is designed. No support for graphics printing tricks like ASCII art or printing pixels with the period character. - Fast and less resource-consuming text printing with dot-matrix printers using the printer's text mode instead of converting the text to PDF and printing the PDF in the printer's graphics mode, which is slow, loud, and consumes much more ink. - POS printing. POS printers often print only text on roll paper. This filter has a non-paginated mode which prints continuously, ignoring page height definitions. The filter has the following features: - Conversion of UTF-8 to most printer's encodings. - To each page size a number of lines and columns is assigned, after that you only need to select the size of the paper in use. - At end of page you can optionally send a Form Feed or let the filter fill up the rest of the page with blank lines. - New lines can be initiated by Line Feed, Carriage Return, or both. - Adjustable margins. - Adjustable width for tab stops. - Pagination can be turned off for roll paper or continuous printing in general. - Wrapping or truncation of long lines - Support for most of CUPS' page management options (only with pagination turned on): page-ranges, page-set, output-order, collate, multiple copies. Setting up the printer In the printer setup tool select the "Generic Text-Only Printer" (with lpadmin use "-m drv:///cupsfilters.drv/textonly.ppd"), then under the "Installable Options" adjust the following: - Which page sizes to use and how many lines and columns the printer is capable to print on them. The default setting for lines and columns assume 6 lines per inch and 10 columns per inch. - Whether to send a Form Feed character after each page. Sending a Form Feed is highly recommended to get the content of each page exactly onto the desired sheet. If the printer does not support Form Feed characters, turn them off and make sure that you have adjusted the correct number of lines for each page size, as the printer is advancing pages by filling up the rest of the paper with blank lines. - How the printer advancs to a new line. Most printers require both Crriage Return and Line Feed (the DOS/Windows standard), but some would also work with either Carriage Return or Line Feed. - The printer's encoding: Most text and dot-matrix printers (usually older devices) do not understand CUPS' standard encoding UTF-8 but instead, the use a simpler encoding (where each character is represented by one byte). ASCII should always work, but does not support letters with accents. So check the printer's manual what is supported. You cannot only use the encodings suggested by the PPD file, but any one-byte-per-character encoding which the "iconv" utility supports (see "iconv --list" for a list of encodings). Also note that text-only and dot-matrix printers often have a DIP switch block which allows for some hardware configuration, like newline characters, length of page, input encoding, ... Options of the texttotext filter: To be usually used when sending a job: PageSize: Paper format to be used. Make sure that the number of lines and columns printable on each paper size are correctly adjusted with the appropriate setup option. The page height is ignore when pagination is turned off. Possible values: Letter, Legal, Tabloid, Ledger, A4, A3, FanFoldGerman, FanFoldGermanLegal, 11x14Rotated, LegalRotated, Custom1, Custom2, Custom3 OverLongLines: What to do with lines longer that the width of the page: Truncate: Simply drop the extra characters; WrapAtWidth (default): Continue the line in the next line on the paper; WordWrap: As WrapAtWidth, but do not cut in the middle of a word. TabWidth: Width of a tab stop. Can be any positive number. Pagination: On: Text is divided in pages depending on the page size selection, with each page having the user-selected margins, recommended for sheet paper; Off: Text is printed continuously, ignoring page breaks and the height and upper and lower margins of the destination page size, recommended for roll paper, POS, long lists on continuous paper, ... Note that with pagination turned off, multiple copies, collate, page-ranges, page-set, and output-order are not supported and therefore ignored. page-left, page-right, page-top, page-bottom: Width of the margins left blank, counted in lines or columns. Top and bottom margins are ignored when pagination is turned off. Can be any positive number or zero for no margin. To be usually used when setting up the printer: PrinterEncoding: The printer's character encoding (code page). Any encoding which the iconv utility can generate (see "iconv --list") and which uses only one byte per character can be used. This should support practically any printer which is capable of printing text. ASCII is the default setting. See the printer's manual for the correct encoding to use. NewlineCharacters: The characters sent on the end of a line, LineFeed (LF), Crriage Return (CR), or both Carriage Return and Line Feed (CRLF). Default is CRLF as most printers require this. SendFF: On: Send a Form Feed after each page, so that printer changes to the next sheet. Off: Do not send Form Feeds. To advance to the next page blank lines are printed to fill up the page (requires the number of limes for the selected page size correctly being set). When pagination is off, Form Feeds are never sent. LetterAvailable, LegalAvailable, TabloidAvailable, LedgerAvailable, A4Available, A3Available, FanFoldGermanAvailable, FanFoldGermanLegalAvailable, 11x14RotatedAvailable, LegalRotatedAvailable, Custom1Available, Custom2Available, Custom3Available: On: Paper of this size is available; Off: This paper size is not available. LetterNumLines, LegalNumLines, TabloidNumLines, LedgerNumLines, A4NumLines, A3NumLines, FanFoldGermanNumLines, FanFoldGermanLegalNumLines, 11x14RotatedNumLines, LegalRotatedNumLines, Custom1NumLines, Custom2NumLines, Custom3NumLines: Maximum number of text lines fitting on the paper size. Default value is selected assuming 6 lines per inch. Can be any positive number. LetterNumColumns, LegalNumColumns, TabloidNumColumns, LedgerNumColumns, A4NumColumns, A3NumColumns, FanFoldGermanNumColumns, FanFoldGermanLegalNumColumns, 11x14RotatedNumColumns, LegalRotatedNumColumns, Custom1NumColumns, Custom2NumColumns, Custom3NumColumns: Maximum number of columns (characters) fitting on the paper size. Default value is selected assuming 10 characters per inch. Can be any positive number. Standard CUPS options supported: page-ranges, page set, output-order, collate Note that these options and multiple copies are ignored when pagination is turned off. BEH - Backend Error Handler wrapper backend =========================================== A wrapper for CUPS backends to make error handling more configurable Usually, if a CUPS backend exits with an error status other than zero (for example if a printer is not turned on or not reachable on the network), CUPS disables the print queue and one can only print again if a system administrator re-enables the queue manually. Even restarting CUPS (or rebooting) does not re-enable disabled queues. For system administrators this can get annoying, for newbie users who are not aware of this problem it looks like that CUPS is severely broken. They remove and re-install print queues, getting on the nerves of distro install support, people, or even switch back to a proprietary operating system. Nowadays CUPS allows some configurability to avoid this, setting the Error Policy to "retry-job", but this does not allow to retry for infinitely many times and generally does not allow to change the number of repetitions. It is also not possible to simply drop the job without disabling the queue when CUPS gives up repeating the job. This script makes the handling of such backend errors more configurable, so that the problem can easily be worked around. The new possibilities are: - Let queues simply not being disabled. Simple approach, but job gets lost. - Repeat a given number of times. - Repeat infinitely often, until the job gets finally through. This is the standard of LPRng, and it eliminates loss of the job. - The interval between two attempts to run the backend can also be configured. - Configuration is done independently for each print queue. So local printers and network printers can be treated differently. Usage: Activate "beh" for your print queue(s) with command(s) like this: lpadmin -p <queue name> -E -v beh:/<dd>/<att>/<delay>/<originaluri> with <queue name>: The name of your print queue <dd>: Don't Disable, if "1", beh always exits with zero status, so the queue gets never disabled when the original backend exits with an error. "0" carries the error status of the last call of the backend (after <att> retries) on to CUPS, so the queue usually gets disabled. <att>: Attempts, number of attempts to recall the backend in case of an error. "0" means infinite retries. In this case <dd> gets meaningless. <delay>: Delay between two attempts to call the beckend, to be given in seconds and as an integer number. Meaningless if <att> is one. <originaluri>: The original URI, which your queue had before. Can be determined with "lpstat -v". All parameters, especially, <dd>, <att>, and <delay> have always to be specified, even if one of them is meaningless due to the setting of the others. beh works with every backend except the "hp" backend of HPLIP, as the "hp" backend repeats failed jobs by itself. Example URIs: beh:/1/3/5/socket://printer:9100 On the network printer with host name "printer" it is tried to access 3 times with 5 second delays between the attempts. If the job still fails, the queue is not disabled (and the job discarded). beh:/0/10/60/socket://printer:9100 Retry 10 times in one minute intervals, disable the queue when still not succeeding. beh:/1/0/60/usb://Brother/HL-5040%20series On a Brother HL-5040 on the USB try infinitely often until the printer comes back, in intervals of one minute. This way the job does not get lost when the printer is turned off and one can intendedly delay printing by simply switching off the printer. The ideal configuration for desktop printers and/or home users. Originally this backend was written in Perl and part of the foomatic-filters package. It was not overtaken into cups-filters together with foomatic-rip to avoid the introduction of a dependency on Perl. Now it has been re-written in C and so it can be part of cups-filters without introducing new dependencies. BRAILLE EMBOSSING ================= cups-filters also provides filters and drivers for braille embossers. It supports: - Text on all kinds of embossers with generic support - Text and graphics on the Index V3 embossers and above. This is configured in CUPS just like any printer. Options can then be configured in the standard printer panel, or passed as -o options to the lp command. ------------ Text support ------------ Text can be embossed either with no translation on the computer side (the embosser will translate), or with translation on the computer side (thanks to liblouis). It is a matter of running lp file.txt or even lp file.html lp file.odt lp file.doc lp file.rtf lp file.docx lp file.pdf Important: it is really preferrable to directly print the document files themselves, and not a pdf output, or printing from the application (which would first convert to pdf). That way, the braille conversion will have the proper document structure (paragraphs, titles, footnotes, etc.) to produce good quality. -------------------- Vector Image support -------------------- Vector images can be embossed by converting them to braille dots. This needs the inkscape package installed. Various input formats are then supported: .svg, .fig, .wmf, .emf, .cgm, .cmx The conversion assumes that the input is black-on-white. If it is white-on-black, the -o Negate option can be used. This image support is preferred over the generic image support described below, which has to reconstruct lines to be embossed. ------------- Image support ------------- Images can be embossed by converting them to braille dots. The orientation of the image can be controlled. By default it will be rotate to fit the image orientation, i.e. it will be rotate by 90 degree if it is wider than high and the paper is higher than wide, or if vice-versa. Other rotation modes are provided. By default, the image will be resized to fit the size of the paper. Disabling the resize (fitplot set to No) will crop the image to the paper size. This is useful for instance when a carefully-drawn image was designed especially for embossing, and thus its pixels should exactly match with braille dots. In such case, edge detection should very probably be disabled too. The image can be processed for edge detection. When no processing is done (edge detection is configured to "None"), the dark pixels are embossed if the Negate option is off, or the light pixels are embossed if the Negate option is on. When edge processing is done, only the edges of the images will be embossed. The Basic and the Canny algorithms bring differing results. The Basic algorithm can be tuned thanks to the edge factor only. The Canny algorithm can also be tuned: increasing the Upper value will reduce the amount of detected edges (and vice-versa), increasing the Lower value will reduce the lengths of the detected edges (and vice-versa). The Radius and Sigma parameter control the blurring performed before edge detection, to improve the result; the Radius parameter controls how large blurring should be performed, setting it to zero requests autodetection; the Sigma parameter determines how strongly blurring should be performed. A lot of images formats are support, so one can just run lp file.png lp file.gif lp file.jpg ... Here are complete examples for controlling the processing (all options can be omitted, the default values are shown here): Emboss the image without edge detection, as black on white or white on black: lp -o "Edge=None" file.png lp -o "Edge=None Negate" file.png Emboss the image with edge detection, the default tuning parameters are set here: lp -o "Edge=Edge EdgeFactor=1" file.png lp -o "Edge=Canny CannyRadius=0 CannySigma=1 CannyLower=10 CannyUpper=30" file.png Emboss the image as it is, without any resize or edge detection, as black on white or white on black: lp -o "nofitplot Edge=None" file.png lp -o "nofitplot Edge=None Negate" file.png ------------------------ Generic embosser support ------------------------ It should be possible to make all embossers use the generic driver. For this to work, one has to: - configure the embosser itself so that it uses an MIT/NABCC/BRF braille table - add in CUPS a printer with the "Generic" manufacturer and "Braille embosser" model - configure CUPS options according to the embosser settings, so that CUPS knows the page size, braille spacing, etc. The generic driver can emboss text, as well as images, but images will probably be distorted by the Braille interline spacing. ----------------------- Index embossers support ----------------------- Supported models: Basic-S V3/4 Basic-D V3/4 Everest-D V3/4 4-Waves PRO V3 4X4 PRO V3 Braille Box V4 Index V3 embosser support has been well tested. It supports both text and graphics mode. Embossers with firmware 10.30 and above can be easily configured from CUPS (paper dimension, braille spacing, etc.). Index V4 embosser support has not been tested, but is very close to V3 support, so it is probably working fine already. Feedback would be very welcome. To connect an Index embosser through Ethernet, gather its IP adress, select the "AppSocket/HP JetDirect" network printer protocol, and set socket://the.embosser.IP.address:9100 as Connection URL. The density of dots for images can easily be chosen from the command line, for instance: lp -o "GraphicDotDistance=160" file.png to select 1.6mm dots spacing Troubleshooting: if your embosser starts every document with spurious "TM0,BM0,IM0,OM0" or "TM0,BI0", your embosser is most probably still using an old 10.20 firmware. Please either reflash the embosser with a firmware version 10.30 or above, or select the 10.20 firmware version in the "index" panel of the cups printer options. ---------------------- Braille output options ---------------------- The output can be finely tuned from the standard printing panel, or from the command-line, the following example selects translation tables for French and Greek, with 2.5mm dot spacing and 5mm line spacing. All options can be omitted, the default values are shown here. lp -o "LibLouis=fr-fr-g1 LibLouis2=gr-gr-g1 TextDotDistance=250 LineSpacing=500" file.txt --------------------------------- Reworking output before embossing --------------------------------- One may want to check and modify the .brf or .ubrl output before sending it to the embosser. This can be achieved by first generating the .brf file: /usr/sbin/cupsfilter -m application/vnd.cups-brf -p /etc/cups/ppd/yourprinter.ppd yourdocument.txt > ~/test.brf One can choose a ppd file and additionally pass -o options to control the generated output. One can then modify the .brf file with a text editor. One can then emboss it: lp -o document-format=application/vnd.cups-brf ~/test.brf The same can be achieved for images: /usr/sbin/cupsfilter -m image/vnd.cups-ubrl -p /etc/cups/ppd/yourprinter.ppd yourimage.png > ~/test.ubrl lp -o document-format=image/vnd.cups-ubrl ~/test.ubrl --------------- BRF file output --------------- One can generate BRF files by adding a virtual BRF printer. When creating it in the cups interface, choose the CUPS-BRF local printer, select the Generic maker, and choose the Generic Braille embosser model. Printing to the resulting printer will generate a .brf file in a BRF subdirectory of the home directory. ---------------- UBRL file output ---------------- One can generate Unicode braille files, not useful for embossing, but which can be easily looked at by sighted people to check for the output. In the cups interface, create a printer with the CUPS-BRF local printer, the Generic maker, and choose the Generic UBRL generator model. Printing to the resulting printer will generate a .brf file in a BRF subdirectory of the home directory. ---------------------------- Remark about the source code ---------------------------- The file filter/braille/drivers/index/ubrlto4dot.c is used to generate the translation table in filter/braille/drivers/index/imageubrltoindexv[34]. It is included as "source code" for these two files, even if actually running the generation in the Makefile is more tedious than really useful. ---- TODO ---- - Test whether one wants to negate, e.g. to emboss as few dots as possible - textubrltoindex when liblouis tools will be able to emit 8dot braille