1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
|
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
<html lang="en" xml:lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<!-- start of server/head-include-1.html -->
<meta content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" http-equiv="content-type"/>
<link href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org" rev="made"/>
<link href="../images/gnu-head-mini.png" rel="icon" type="image/png"/>
<meta content="42.355469,-71.058627" name="ICBM"/>
<meta content="gnu.org" name="DC.title"/>
<!-- end of server/head-include-1.html -->
<!-- end of server/header.html -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
<title>
GNU Free Documentation License v1.1 - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation
</title>
<!-- begin translist file -->
<!-- end translist file -->
<!-- start of server/banner.html -->
<!-- start of head-include-2.html -->
<meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"/>
<link href="../css/combo.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet"/>
<link href="../css/mini.css" media="handheld" rel="stylesheet"/>
<link href="../css/layout.min.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet"/>
<link href="../css/print.min.css" media="print" rel="stylesheet"/>
<!-- end of head-include-2.html -->
</head>
<body>
<div class="inner">
<!-- start of server/body-include-1.html -->
<!-- /toplinks -->
<!-- /searcher -->
<!-- end of server/body-include-1.html -->
<!-- start of server/body-include-2 -->
<div id="header">
<!-- /fsf-frame -->
<div id="gnu-banner">
<a href="/">
<img alt=" [A GNU head] " src="../images/heckert_gnu.small.png"/>
<strong>
GNU
</strong>
Operating System
</a>
</div>
<!-- /gnu-banner -->
<p id="fsf-support">
Sponsored by the
<a href="#mission-statement">
Free Software Foundation
</a>
</p>
</div>
<!-- /header -->
<!-- /navigation -->
<!-- end of server/body-include-2 -->
<div id="content">
<!-- end of server/banner.html -->
<h2>
GNU Free Documentation License, version 1.1
</h2>
<h3>
</h3>
<hr style="clear: both;"/>
<!-- The license text is in English and appears broken in RTL as
Arabic, Farsi, etc. Explicitly set the direction to override the
one defined in the translation. -->
<div dir="ltr">
<h3>
<a href="#TOC1" id="SEC1">
GNU Free Documentation License
</a>
</h3>
<p>
Version 1.1, March 2000
</p>
<pre>
Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
</pre>
<p>
<strong>
0. PREAMBLE
</strong>
</p>
<p>
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other written
document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective
freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either
commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the
author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not being
considered responsible for modifications made by others.
</p>
<p>
This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative works of
the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU
General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free
software.
</p>
<p>
We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
software, because free software needs free documentation: a free program should
come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does. But this
License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any textual
work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed
book. We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is
instruction or reference.
</p>
<p>
<strong>
1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
</strong>
</p>
<p>
This License applies to any manual or other work that contains a notice
placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the terms of
this License. The "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any
member of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you".
</p>
<p>
A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the Document
or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifications and/or
translated into another language.
</p>
<p>
A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of the
Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the publishers or
authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject (or to related
matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly within that overall
subject. (For example, if the Document is in part a textbook of mathematics, a
Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a
matter of historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or of
legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
them.
</p>
<p>
The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are
designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice that says that
the Document is released under this License.
</p>
<p>
The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed, as
Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the
Document is released under this License.
</p>
<p>
A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
represented in a format whose specification is available to the general public,
whose contents can be viewed and edited directly and straightforwardly with
generic text editors or (for images composed of pixels) generic paint programs
or (for drawings) some widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable
for input to text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of
formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise
Transparent file format whose markup has been designed to thwart or discourage
subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. A copy that is not
"Transparent" is called "Opaque".
</p>
<p>
Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII
without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or XML using a
publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML designed for human
modification. Opaque formats include PostScript, PDF, proprietary formats that
can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for
which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available, and the
machine-generated HTML produced by some word processors for output purposes
only.
</p>
<p>
The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus such
following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this License
requires to appear in the title page. For works in formats which do not have
any title page as such, "Title Page" means the text near the most prominent
appearance of the work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the
text.
</p>
<p>
<strong>
2. VERBATIM COPYING
</strong>
</p>
<p>
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially
or noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and the
license notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced in
all copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this
License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading
or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may
accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough
number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
</p>
<p>
You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you
may publicly display copies.
</p>
<p>
<strong>
3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
</strong>
</p>
<p>
If you publish printed copies of the Document numbering more than 100, and
the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies
in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover
Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers
must also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies.
The front cover must present the full title with all words of the title equally
prominent and visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition.
Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title
of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim
copying in other respects.
</p>
<p>
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly,
you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual
cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages.
</p>
<p>
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more
than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along
with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a
publicly-accessible computer-network location containing a complete Transparent
copy of the Document, free of added material, which the general network-using
public has access to download anonymously at no charge using public-standard
network protocols. If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably
prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to
ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque
copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the
public.
</p>
<p>
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a
chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
</p>
<p>
<strong>
4. MODIFICATIONS
</strong>
</p>
<p>
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the
conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified
Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling the
role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the
Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do
these things in the Modified Version:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<strong>
A.
</strong>
Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a
title distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous
versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section
of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version if the
original publisher of that version gives permission.
</li>
<li>
<strong>
B.
</strong>
List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more
persons or entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in the
Modified Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of
the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has less than five).
</li>
<li>
<strong>
C.
</strong>
State on the Title page the name of the publisher of
the Modified Version, as the publisher.
</li>
<li>
<strong>
D.
</strong>
Preserve all the copyright notices of the
Document.
</li>
<li>
<strong>
E.
</strong>
Add an appropriate copyright notice for your
modifications adjacent to the other copyright notices.
</li>
<li>
<strong>
F.
</strong>
Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a
license notice giving the public permission to use the Modified Version
under the terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum
below.
</li>
<li>
<strong>
G.
</strong>
Preserve in that license notice the full lists of
Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license
notice.
</li>
<li>
<strong>
H.
</strong>
Include an unaltered copy of this License.
</li>
<li>
<strong>
I.
</strong>
Preserve the section entitled "History", and its
title, and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors,
and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If there
is no section entitled "History" in the Document, create one stating the
title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as given on its Title
Page, then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the
previous sentence.
</li>
<li>
<strong>
J.
</strong>
Preserve the network location, if any, given in the
Document for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and
likewise the network locations given in the Document for previous versions
it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section. You may omit
a network location for a work that was published at least four years before
the Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers
to gives permission.
</li>
<li>
<strong>
K.
</strong>
In any section entitled "Acknowledgements" or
"Dedications", preserve the section's title, and preserve in the section
all the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements
and/or dedications given therein.
</li>
<li>
<strong>
L.
</strong>
Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the
equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
</li>
<li>
<strong>
M.
</strong>
Delete any section entitled "Endorsements". Such a
section may not be included in the Modified Version.
</li>
<li>
<strong>
N.
</strong>
Do not retitle any existing section as "Endorsements"
or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
</li>
</ul>
<p>
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices
that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the
Document, you may at your option designate some or all of these sections as
invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in
the Modified Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any
other section titles.
</p>
<p>
You may add a section entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains nothing
but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties--for example,
statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization
as the authoritative definition of a standard.
</p>
<p>
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover
Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of
Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one
entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover,
previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are
acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one,
on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
</p>
<p>
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give
permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply
endorsement of any Modified Version.
</p>
<p>
<strong>
5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
</strong>
</p>
<p>
You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions,
provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of
all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant
Sections of your combined work in its license notice.
</p>
<p>
The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple
identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are
multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents, make the
title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses,
the name of the original author or publisher of that section if known, or else
a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
</p>
<p>
In the combination, you must combine any sections entitled "History" in the
various original documents, forming one section entitled "History"; likewise
combine any sections entitled "Acknowledgements", and any sections entitled
"Dedications". You must delete all sections entitled "Endorsements."
</p>
<p>
<strong>
6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
</strong>
</p>
<p>
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents
released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License
in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection,
provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each
of the documents in all other respects.
</p>
<p>
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it
individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License
into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects
regarding verbatim copying of that document.
</p>
<p>
<strong>
7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
</strong>
</p>
<p>
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and
independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution
medium, does not as a whole count as a Modified Version of the Document,
provided no compilation copyright is claimed for the compilation. Such a
compilation is called an "aggregate", and this License does not apply to the
other self-contained works thus compiled with the Document, on account of their
being thus compiled, if they are not themselves derivative works of the
Document.
</p>
<p>
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of
the Document, then if the Document is less than one quarter of the entire
aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that surround
only the Document within the aggregate. Otherwise they must appear on covers
around the whole aggregate.
</p>
<p>
<strong>
8. TRANSLATION
</strong>
</p>
<p>
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute
translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant
Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright
holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in
addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include
a translation of this License provided that you also include the original
English version of this License. In case of a disagreement between the
translation and the original English version of this License, the original
English version will prevail.
</p>
<p>
<strong>
9. TERMINATION
</strong>
</p>
<p>
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as
expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to copy, modify,
sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will automatically terminate
your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or
rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so
long as such parties remain in full compliance.
</p>
<p>
<strong>
10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
</strong>
</p>
<p>
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU
Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar
in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new
problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
</p>
<p>
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the
Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License "or any
later version" applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and
conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has
been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the
Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any
version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.
</p>
<h3>
<a href="#TOC4" id="SEC4">
How to use this License for your
documents
</a>
</h3>
<p>
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the
License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices
just after the title page:
</p>
<pre>
Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
Free Documentation License".
</pre>
<p>
If you have no Invariant Sections, write "with no Invariant Sections"
instead of saying which ones are invariant. If you have no Front-Cover Texts,
write "no Front-Cover Texts" instead of "Front-Cover Texts being LIST";
likewise for Back-Cover Texts.
</p>
<p>
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend
releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software
license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free
software.
</p>
<!-- END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS -->
</div>
</div>
<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!-- begin server/footer-text.html -->
<!-- /fsf-links -->
<div id="mission-statement">
<blockquote>
<p>
<a href="http://www.fsf.org">
<img alt=" [FSF logo] " id="fsfbanner" src="../images/fsf-logo-notext.png"/>
</a>
<strong>
“Our
mission is to preserve, protect and promote the freedom to use, study,
copy, modify, and redistribute computer software, and to defend the
rights of Free Software users.”
</strong>
</p>
</blockquote>
<p>
The
<a href="http://www.fsf.org">
Free Software Foundation
</a>
is
the principal organizational sponsor of the GNU Operating System.
<strong>
Support GNU and the FSF
</strong>
by
<a href="http://shop.fsf.org/">
buying manuals and gear
</a>
,
<a href="https://my.fsf.org/associate/support_freedom?referrer=4052">
<strong>
joining the FSF
</strong>
</a>
as an associate member, or making
a
<strong>
donation
</strong>
, either
<a href="http://donate.fsf.org/">
directly to the FSF
</a>
or
<a href="http://flattr.com/thing/313733/gnuproject-on-Flattr">
via
Flattr
</a>
.
</p>
<p id="backtotop">
<a href="#header">
back to top
</a>
</p>
</div>
<!-- /mission-statement -->
<!-- end server/footer-text.html -->
</div>
</body>
</html>
|
