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I. + + Section 1. + + All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of + the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of + Representatives. + + Section. 2. + + Clause 1: The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members + chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, and the + Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for + Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature. + + Clause 2: No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have + attained to the Age of twenty five Years, and been seven Years a + Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an + Inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen. + + Clause 3: Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among + the several States which may be included within this Union, according + to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to + the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for + a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all + other Persons. (See Note 2) The actual Enumeration shall be made + within three Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of the + United States, and within every subsequent Term of ten Years, in such + Manner as they shall by Law direct. The Number of Representatives + shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall + have at Least one Representative; and until such enumeration shall be + made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse three, + Massachusetts eight, Rhode-Island and Providence Plantations one, + Connecticut five, New-York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, + Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South + Carolina five, and Georgia three. + + Clause 4: When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State, + the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill + such Vacancies. + + Clause 5: The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speaker and + other Officers; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment. + + Section. 3. + + Clause 1: The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two + Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, (See Note + 3) for six Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote. + + Clause 2: Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of + the first Election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into + three Classes. The Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be + vacated at the Expiration of the second Year, of the second Class at + the Expiration of the fourth Year, and of the third Class at the + Expiration of the sixth Year, so that one third may be chosen every + second Year; and if Vacancies happen by Resignation, or otherwise, + during the Recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive + thereof may make temporary Appointments until the next Meeting of the + Legislature, which shall then fill such Vacancies. (See Note 4) + + Clause 3: No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to + the Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the United + States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that + State for which he shall be chosen. + + Clause 4: The Vice President of the United States shall be President + of the Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless they be equally divided. + + Clause 5: The Senate shall chuse their other Officers, and also a + President pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice President, or when + he shall exercise the Office of President of the United States. + + Clause 6: The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all + Impeachments. When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or + Affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the + Chief Justice shall preside: And no Person shall be convicted without + the Concurrence of two thirds of the Members present. + + Clause 7: Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further + than to removal from Office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy + any Office of honor, Trust or Profit under the United States: but the + Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to + Indictment, Trial, Judgment and Punishment, according to Law. + + Section. 4. + + Clause 1: The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for + Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the + Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by Law make or + alter such Regulations, except as to the Places of chusing Senators. + + Clause 2: The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, and + such Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, (See Note 5) + unless they shall by Law appoint a different Day. + + Section. 5. + + Clause 1: Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and + Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each shall + constitute a Quorum to do Business; but a smaller Number may adjourn + from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the Attendance of + absent Members, in such Manner, and under such Penalties as each House + may provide. + + Clause 2: Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, + punish its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the Concurrence + of two thirds, expel a Member. + + Clause 3: Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and from + time to time publish the same, excepting such Parts as may in their + Judgment require Secrecy; and the Yeas and Nays of the Members of + either House on any question shall, at the Desire of one fifth of + those Present, be entered on the Journal. + + Clause 4: Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall, + without the Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, + nor to any other Place than that in which the two Houses shall be + sitting. + + Section. 6. + + Clause 1: The Senators and Representatives shall receive a + Compensation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid + out of the Treasury of the United States. (See Note 6) They shall in + all Cases, except Treason, Felony and Breach of the Peace, + beprivileged from Arrest during their Attendance at the Session of + their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same; + and for any Speech or Debate in either House, they shall not be + questioned in any other Place. + + Clause 2: No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for + which he was elected, be appointed to any civil Office under the + Authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the + Emoluments whereof shall have been encreased during such time; and no + Person holding any Office under the United States, shall be a Member + of either House during his Continuance in Office. + + Section. 7. + + Clause 1: All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House + of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with + Amendments as on other Bills. + + Clause 2: Every Bill which shall have passed the House of + Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be + presented to the President of the United States; If he approve he + shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his Objections to + that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the + Objections at large on their Journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If + after such Reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree to + pass the Bill, it shall be sent, together with the Objections, to the + other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if + approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become a Law. But in + all such Cases the Votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas + and Nays, and the Names of the Persons voting for and against the Bill + shall be entered on the Journal of each House respectively. If any + Bill shall not be returned by the President within ten Days (Sundays + excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the Same shall be + a Law, in like Manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by + their Adjournment prevent its Return, in which Case it shall not be a + Law. + + Clause 3: Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence of + the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a + question of Adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the + United States; and before the Same shall take Effect, shall be + approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two + thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the + Rules and Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill. + + Section. 8. + + Clause 1: The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, + Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the + common Defence and general Welfare of the United States; but all + Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United + States; + + Clause 2: To borrow Money on the credit of the United States; + + Clause 3: To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the + several States, and with the Indian Tribes; + + Clause 4: To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform + Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States; + + Clause 5: To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign + Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures; + + Clause 6: To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the + Securities and current Coin of the United States; + + Clause 7: To establish Post Offices and post Roads; + + Clause 8: To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by + securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive + Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries; + + Clause 9: To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court; + + Clause 10: To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the + high Seas, and Offences against the Law of Nations; + + Clause 11: To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and + make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water; + + Clause 12: To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money + to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years; + + Clause 13: To provide and maintain a Navy; + + Clause 14: To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land + and naval Forces; + + Clause 15: To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the + Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions; + + Clause 16: To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the + Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the + Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, + the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the + Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress; + + Clause 17: To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, + over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, byCession + of particular States, and the Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat + of the Government of the United States, and to exercise like Authority + over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the + State in which the Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, + Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other needful Buildings;--And + + Clause 18: To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for + carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers + vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or + in any Department or Officer thereof. + + Section. 9. + + Clause 1: The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the + States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be + prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight + hundred and eight, but a Tax or duty may be imposed on such + Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each Person. + + Clause 2: The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be + suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public + Safety may require it. + + Clause 3: No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed. + + Clause 4: No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be laid, unless in + Proportion to the Census or Enumeration herein before directed to be + taken. (See Note 7) + + Clause 5: No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any + State. + + Clause 6: No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce + or Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of another: nor shall + Vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or + pay Duties in another. + + Clause 7: No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in + Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and + Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be + published from time to time. + + Clause 8: No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States: + And no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them, shall, + without the Consent of the Congress, accept of any present, Emolument, + Office, or Title, of any kind whatever, from any King, Prince, or + foreign State. + + Section. 10. + + Clause 1: No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or + Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin Money; emit + Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in + Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or + Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title of + Nobility. + + Clause 2: No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress, lay any + Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may be absolutely + necessary for executing it's inspection Laws: and the net Produce of + all Duties and Imposts, laid by any State on Imports or Exports, shall + be for the Use of the Treasury of the United States; and all such Laws + shall be subject to the Revision and Controul of the Congress. + + Clause 3: No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any + Duty of Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter + into any Agreement or Compact with another State, or with a foreign + Power, or engage in War, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent + Danger as will not admit of delay. + +Article. II. + + Section. 1. + + Clause 1: The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the + United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term of + four Years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the same + Term, be elected, as follows + + Clause 2: Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature + thereof may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole Number of + Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the + Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or Person holding an + Office of Trust or Profit under the United States, shall be appointed + an Elector. + + Clause 3: The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote + by Ballot for two Persons, of whom one at least shall not be an + Inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a + List of all the Persons voted for, and of the Number of Votes for + each; which List they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to + the Seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the + President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the + Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the + Certificates, and the Votes shall then be counted. The Person having + the greatest Number of Votes shall be the President, if such Number be + a Majority of the whole Number of Electors appointed; and if there be + more than one who have such Majority, and have an equal Number of + Votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately chuse by + Ballot one of them for President; and if no Person have a Majority, + then from the five highest on the List the said House shall in like + Manner chuse the President. But in chusing the President, the Votes + shall be taken by States, the Representation from each State having + one Vote; A quorum for this Purpose shall consist of a Member or + Members from two thirds of the States, and a Majority of all the + States shall be necessary to a Choice. In every Case, after the Choice + of the President, the Person having the greatest Number of Votes of + the Electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain + two or more who have equal Votes, the Senate shall chuse from them by + Ballot the Vice President. (See Note 8) + + Clause 4: The Congress may determine the Time of chusing the Electors, + and the Day on which they shall give their Votes; which Day shall be + the same throughout the United States. + + Clause 5: No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the + United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall + be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any Person be + eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of + thirty five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the + United States. + + Clause 6: In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of + his Death, Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and + Duties of the said Office, (See Note 9) the Same shall devolve on the + VicePresident, and the Congress may by Law provide for the Case of + Removal, Death, Resignation or Inability, both of the President and + Vice President, declaring what Officer shall then act as President, + and such Officer shall act accordingly, until the Disability be + removed, or a President shall be elected. + + Clause 7: The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his + Services, a Compensation, which shall neither be encreased nor + diminished during the Period for which he shall have been elected, and + he shall not receive within that Period any other Emolument from the + United States, or any of them. + + Clause 8: Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall + take the following Oath or Affirmation:--"I do solemnly swear (or + affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the + United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect + and defend the Constitution of the United States." + + Section. 2. + + Clause 1: The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and + Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, + when called into the actual Service of the United States; he may + require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of + the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of + their respective Offices, and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves + and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of + Impeachment. + + Clause 2: He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of + the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators + present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and + Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public + Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other + Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein + otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law: but the + Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as + they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in + the Heads of Departments. + + Clause 3: The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that + may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions + which shall expire at the End of their next Session. + + Section. 3. + + He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information of the + State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such Measures + as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary + Occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in Case of + Disagreement between them, with Respect to the Time of Adjournment, he + may adjourn them to such Time as he shall think proper; he shall + receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers; he shall take Care + that the Laws be faithfully executed, and shall Commission all the + Officers of the United States. + + Section. 4. + + The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United + States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and + Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and + Misdemeanors. + +Article. III. + + Section. 1. + + The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one + supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from + time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the supreme and + inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good Behaviour, and + shall, at stated Times, receive for their Services, a Compensation, + which shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office. + + Section. 2. + + Clause 1: The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and + Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United + States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their + Authority;--to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers + and Consuls;--to all Cases of admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction;--to + Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party;--to + Controversies between two or more States;--between a State and + Citizens of another State; (See Note 10)--between Citizens of + different States, --between Citizens of the same State claiming Lands + under Grants of different States, and between a State, or the Citizens + thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects. + + Clause 2: In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers + and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme + Court shall have original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before + mentioned, the supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both + as to Law and Fact, with such Exceptions, and under such Regulations + as the Congress shall make. + + Clause 3: The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, + shall be by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the + said Crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within + any State, the Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress + may by Law have directed. + + Section. 3. + + Clause 1: Treason against the United States, shall consist only in + levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them + Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on the + Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession in + open Court. + + Clause 2: The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment of + Treason, but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of Blood, + or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person attainted. + +Article. IV. + + Section. 1. + + Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the public Acts, + Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other State. And the + Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in which such Acts, + Records and Proceedings shall be proved, and the Effect thereof. + + Section. 2. + + Clause 1: The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all + Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States. + + Clause 2: A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other + Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State, + shall on Demand of the executive Authority of the State from which he + fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having Jurisdiction + of the Crime. + + Clause 3: No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the + Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law + or Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or Labour, but + shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or + Labour may be due. (See Note 11) + + Section. 3. + + Clause 1: New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; + but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of + any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or + more States, or Parts of States, without the Consent of the + Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress. + + Clause 2: The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all + needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other + Property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this + Constitution shall be so construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the + United States, or of any particular State. + + Section. 4. + + The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a + Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against + Invasion; and on Application of the Legislature, or of the Executive + (when the Legislature cannot be convened) against domestic Violence. + +Article. V. + + The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it + necessary, shall propose [1]Amendments to this Constitution, or, on + the Application of the Legislatures of two thirds of the several + States, shall call a Convention for proposing Amendments, which, in + either Case, shall be valid to all Intents and Purposes, as Part of + this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths + of the several States, or by Conventions in three fourths thereof, as + the one or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by the + Congress; Provided that no Amendment which may be made prior to the + Year One thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect + the first and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of the first + Article; and that no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of + its equal Suffrage in the Senate. + +Article. VI. + + Clause 1: All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before + the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the + United States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation. + + Clause 2: This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which + shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which + shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the + supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound + thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the + Contrary notwithstanding. + + Clause 3: The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the + Members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and + judicial Officers, both of the United States and of the several + States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this + Constitution; but no religious Test shall ever be required as a + Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States. + +Article. VII. + + The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be + sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the + States so ratifying the Same. + + done in Convention by the Unanimous Consent of the States present the + Seventeenth Day of September in the Year of our Lord one thousand + seven hundred and Eighty seven and of the Independence of the United + States of America the Twelfth In witness whereof We have hereunto + subscribed our Names, + + GO WASHINGTON--Presidt. and deputy from Virginia + + [Signed also by the deputies of twelve States.] + + Delaware + + Geo: Read + Gunning Bedford jun + John Dickinson + Richard Bassett + Jaco: Broom + + Maryland + + James MCHenry + Dan of ST ThoS. Jenifer + DanL Carroll. + + Virginia + + John Blair-- + James Madison Jr. + + North Carolina + + WM Blount + RichD. Dobbs Spaight. + Hu Williamson + + South Carolina + + J. Rutledge + Charles 1ACotesworth Pinckney + Charles Pinckney + Pierce Butler. + + Georgia + + William Few + Abr Baldwin + + New Hampshire + + John Langdon + Nicholas Gilman + + Massachusetts + + Nathaniel Gorham + Rufus King + + Connecticut + WM. SamL. Johnson + Roger Sherman + + New York + + Alexander Hamilton + + New Jersey + + Wil: Livingston + David Brearley. + WM. Paterson. + Jona: Dayton + + Pennsylvania + + B Franklin + Thomas Mifflin + RobT Morris + Geo. Clymer + ThoS. FitzSimons + Jared Ingersoll + James Wilson. + Gouv Morris + + Attest William Jackson Secretary + + NOTES + + Note 1: This text of the Constitution follows the engrossed copy + signed by Gen. Washington and the deputies from 12 States. The small + superior figures preceding the paragraphs designate Clauses, and were + not in the original and have no reference to footnotes. + + The Constitution was adopted by a convention of the States on + September 17, 1787, and was subsequently ratified by the several + States, on the following dates: Delaware, December 7, 1787; + Pennsylvania, December 12, 1787; New Jersey, December 18, 1787; + Georgia, January 2, 1788; Connecticut, January 9, 1788; Massachusetts, + February 6, 1788; Maryland, April 28, 1788; South Carolina, May 23, + 1788; New Hampshire, June 21, 1788. + + Ratification was completed on June 21, 1788. + + The Constitution was subsequently ratified by Virginia, June 25, 1788; + New York, July 26, 1788; North Carolina, November 21, 1789; Rhode + Island, May 29, 1790; and Vermont, January 10, 1791. + + In May 1785, a committee of Congress made a report recommending an + alteration in the Articles of Confederation, but no action was taken + on it, and it was left to the State Legislatures to proceed in the + matter. In January 1786, the Legislature of Virginia passed a + resolution providing for the appointment of five commissioners, who, + or any three of them, should meet such commissioners as might be + appointed in the other States of the Union, at a time and place to be + agreed upon, to take into consideration the trade of the United + States; to consider how far a uniform system in their commercial + regulations may be necessary to their common interest and their + permanent harmony; and to report to the several States such an act, + relative to this great object, as, when ratified by them, will enable + the United States in Congress effectually to provide for the same. The + Virginia commissioners, after some correspondence, fixed the first + Monday in September as the time, and the city of Annapolis as the + place for the meeting, but only four other States were represented, + viz: Delaware, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania; the + commissioners appointed by Massachusetts, New Hampshire, North + Carolina, and Rhode Island failed to attend. Under the circumstances + of so partial a representation, the commissioners present agreed upon + a report, (drawn by Mr. Hamilton, of New York,) expressing their + unanimous conviction that it might essentially tend to advance the + interests of the Union if the States by which they were respectively + delegated would concur, and use their endeavors to procure the + concurrence of the other States, in the appointment of commissioners + to meet at Philadelphia on the Second Monday of May following, to take + into consideration the situation of the United States; to devise such + further provisions as should appear to them necessary to render the + Constitution of the Federal Government adequate to the exigencies of + the Union; and to report such an act for that purpose to the United + States in Congress assembled as, when agreed to by them and afterwards + confirmed by the Legislatures of every State, would effectually + provide for the same. + + Congress, on the 21st of February, 1787, adopted a resolution in favor + of a convention, and the Legislatures of those States which had not + already done so (with the exception of Rhode Island) promptly + appointed delegates. On the 25th of May, seven States having convened, + George Washington, of Virginia, was unanimously elected President, and + the consideration of the proposed constitution was commenced. On the + 17th of September, 1787, the Constitution as engrossed and agreed upon + was signed by all the members present, except Mr. Gerry of + Massachusetts, and Messrs. Mason and Randolph, of Virginia. The + president of the convention transmitted it to Congress, with a + resolution stating how the proposed Federal Government should be put + in operation, and an explanatory letter. Congress, on the 28th of + September, 1787, directed the Constitution so framed, with the + resolutions and letter concerning the same, to "be transmitted to the + several Legislatures in order to be submitted to a convention of + delegates chosen in each State by the people thereof, in conformity to + the resolves of the convention." + + On the 4th of March, 1789, the day which had been fixed for commencing + the operations of Government under the new Constitution, it had been + ratified by the conventions chosen in each State to consider it, as + follows: Delaware, December 7, 1787; Pennsylvania, December 12, 1787; + New Jersey, December 18, 1787; Georgia, January 2, 1788; Connecticut, + January 9, 1788; Massachusetts, February 6, 1788; Maryland, April 28, + 1788; South Carolina, May 23, 1788; New Hampshire, June 21, 1788; + Virginia, June 25, 1788; and New York, July 26, 1788. + + The President informed Congress, on the 28th of January, 1790, that + North Carolina had ratified the Constitution November 21, 1789; and he + informed Congress on the 1st of June, 1790, that Rhode Island had + ratified the Constitution May 29, 1790. Vermont, in convention, + ratified the Constitution January 10, 1791, and was, by an act of + Congress approved February 18, 1791, "received and admitted into this + Union as a new and entire member of the United States." + + Note 2: The part of this Clause relating to the mode of apportionment + of representatives among the several States has been affected by + Section 2 of amendment XIV, and as to taxes on incomes without + apportionment by amendment XVI. + + Note 3: This Clause has been affected by Clause 1 of amendment XVII. + + Note 4: This Clause has been affected by Clause 2 of amendment XVIII. + + Note 5: This Clause has been affected by amendment XX. + + Note 6: This Clause has been affected by amendment XXVII. + + Note 7: This Clause has been affected by amendment XVI. + + Note 8: This Clause has been superseded by amendment XII. + + Note 9: This Clause has been affected by amendment XXV. + + Note 10: This Clause has been affected by amendment XI. + + Note 11: This Clause has been affected by amendment XIII. + + Note 12: The first ten amendments to the Constitution of the United + States (and two others, one of which failed of ratification and the + other which later became the 27th amendment) were proposed to the + legislatures of the several States by the First Congress on September + 25, 1789. The first ten amendments were ratified by the following + States, and the notifications of ratification by the Governors thereof + were successively communicated by the President to Congress: New + Jersey, November 20, 1789; Maryland, December 19, 1789; North + Carolina, December 22, 1789; South Carolina, January 19, 1790; New + Hampshire, January 25, 1790; Delaware, January 28, 1790; New York, + February 24, 1790; Pennsylvania, March 10, 1790; Rhode Island, June 7, + 1790; Vermont, November 3, 1791; and Virginia, December 15, 1791. + + Ratification was completed on December 15, 1791. + + The amendments were subsequently ratified by the legislatures of + Massachusetts, March 2, 1939; Georgia, March 18, 1939; and + Connecticut, April 19, 1939. + + Note 13: Only the 13th, 14th, 15th, and 16th articles of amendment had + numbers assigned to them at the time of ratification. + + Note 14: This sentence has been superseded by section 3 of amendment + XX. + + Note 15: See amendment XIX and section 1 of amendment XXVI. + + Note 16: Repealed by section 1 of amendment XXI. + +References + + 1. http://www.house.gov/Constitution/Amend.html |