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Binutils
-------------
Assembly of foreign architectures (e.g. assembling Sparc shellcode on
Mac OS X) requires cross-compiled versions of ``binutils`` to be
installed. We've made this process as smooth as we can.
In these examples, replace ``$ARCH`` with your target architecture (e.g., arm, aarch64, mips64, vax, etc.).
Building `binutils` from source takes about 60 seconds on a modern 8-core machine.
Ubuntu
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
For Ubuntu 12.04 through 15.10, you must first add the pwntools `Personal Package Archive repository <https://launchpad.net/~pwntools/+archive/ubuntu/binutils>`__.
Ubuntu Xenial (16.04) has official packages for most architectures, and does not require this step.
.. code-block:: bash
$ apt-get install software-properties-common
$ apt-add-repository ppa:pwntools/binutils
$ apt-get update
Then, install the binutils for your architecture.
.. code-block:: bash
$ apt-get install binutils-$ARCH-linux-gnu
Mac OS X
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Mac OS X is just as easy, but requires building binutils from source.
However, we've made ``homebrew`` recipes to make this a single command.
After installing `brew <https://brew.sh>`__, grab the appropriate
recipe from our `binutils
repo <https://github.com/Gallopsled/pwntools-binutils/>`__.
.. code-block:: bash
$ brew install https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Gallopsled/pwntools-binutils/master/macos/binutils-$ARCH.rb
Alternate OSes
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
If you want to build everything by hand, or don't use any of the above
OSes, ``binutils`` is simple to build by hand.
.. code-block:: bash
#!/usr/bin/env bash
V=2.38 # Binutils Version
ARCH=arm # Target architecture
cd ${TMPDIR:-/tmp}
wget -nc https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/binutils/binutils-$V.tar.gz
wget -nc https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/binutils/binutils-$V.tar.gz.sig
gpg --keyserver keys.gnupg.net --recv-keys 4AE55E93
gpg --verify binutils-$V.tar.gz.sig
tar xf binutils-$V.tar.gz
mkdir binutils-build
cd binutils-build
export AR=ar
export AS=as
../binutils-$V/configure \
--prefix=${PREFIX:-/usr/local} \
--target=$ARCH-unknown-linux-gnu \
--disable-static \
--disable-multilib \
--disable-werror \
--disable-nls
MAKE=gmake
hash gmake || MAKE=make
$MAKE -j clean all
sudo $MAKE install
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