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diff --git a/man/systemd.exec.xml b/man/systemd.exec.xml deleted file mode 100644 index 64877720b..000000000 --- a/man/systemd.exec.xml +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1283 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN" - "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd"> - -<!-- - This file is part of systemd. - - Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering - - systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it - under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by - the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or - (at your option) any later version. - - systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but - WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of - MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU - Lesser General Public License for more details. - - You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License - along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. ---> - -<refentry id="systemd.exec"> - <refentryinfo> - <title>systemd.exec</title> - <productname>systemd</productname> - - <authorgroup> - <author> - <contrib>Developer</contrib> - <firstname>Lennart</firstname> - <surname>Poettering</surname> - <email>lennart@poettering.net</email> - </author> - </authorgroup> - </refentryinfo> - - <refmeta> - <refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle> - <manvolnum>5</manvolnum> - </refmeta> - - <refnamediv> - <refname>systemd.exec</refname> - <refpurpose>Execution environment configuration</refpurpose> - </refnamediv> - - <refsynopsisdiv> - <para><filename><replaceable>service</replaceable>.service</filename>, - <filename><replaceable>socket</replaceable>.socket</filename>, - <filename><replaceable>mount</replaceable>.mount</filename>, - <filename><replaceable>swap</replaceable>.swap</filename></para> - </refsynopsisdiv> - - <refsect1> - <title>Description</title> - - <para>Unit configuration files for services, sockets, mount - points, and swap devices share a subset of configuration options - which define the execution environment of spawned - processes.</para> - - <para>This man page lists the configuration options shared by - these four unit types. See - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> - for the common options of all unit configuration files, and - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.socket</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.swap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, - and - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> - for more information on the specific unit configuration files. The - execution specific configuration options are configured in the - [Service], [Socket], [Mount], or [Swap] sections, depending on the - unit type.</para> - </refsect1> - - <refsect1> - <title>Options</title> - - <variablelist class='unit-directives'> - - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>WorkingDirectory=</varname></term> - - <listitem><para>Takes an absolute directory path. Sets the - working directory for executed processes. If not set, defaults - to the root directory when systemd is running as a system - instance and the respective user's home directory if run as - user.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>RootDirectory=</varname></term> - - <listitem><para>Takes an absolute directory path. Sets the - root directory for executed processes, with the - <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>chroot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> - system call. If this is used, it must be ensured that the - process and all its auxiliary files are available in the - <function>chroot()</function> jail.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>User=</varname></term> - <term><varname>Group=</varname></term> - - <listitem><para>Sets the Unix user or group that the processes - are executed as, respectively. Takes a single user or group - name or ID as argument. If no group is set, the default group - of the user is chosen.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>SupplementaryGroups=</varname></term> - - <listitem><para>Sets the supplementary Unix groups the - processes are executed as. This takes a space-separated list - of group names or IDs. This option may be specified more than - once in which case all listed groups are set as supplementary - groups. When the empty string is assigned the list of - supplementary groups is reset, and all assignments prior to - this one will have no effect. In any way, this option does not - override, but extends the list of supplementary groups - configured in the system group database for the - user.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>Nice=</varname></term> - - <listitem><para>Sets the default nice level (scheduling - priority) for executed processes. Takes an integer between -20 - (highest priority) and 19 (lowest priority). See - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>setpriority</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> - for details.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>OOMScoreAdjust=</varname></term> - - <listitem><para>Sets the adjustment level for the - Out-Of-Memory killer for executed processes. Takes an integer - between -1000 (to disable OOM killing for this process) and - 1000 (to make killing of this process under memory pressure - very likely). See <ulink - url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt">proc.txt</ulink> - for details.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>IOSchedulingClass=</varname></term> - - <listitem><para>Sets the IO scheduling class for executed - processes. Takes an integer between 0 and 3 or one of the - strings <option>none</option>, <option>realtime</option>, - <option>best-effort</option> or <option>idle</option>. See - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ioprio_set</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> - for details.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>IOSchedulingPriority=</varname></term> - - <listitem><para>Sets the IO scheduling priority for executed - processes. Takes an integer between 0 (highest priority) and 7 - (lowest priority). The available priorities depend on the - selected IO scheduling class (see above). See - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ioprio_set</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> - for details.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>CPUSchedulingPolicy=</varname></term> - - <listitem><para>Sets the CPU scheduling policy for executed - processes. Takes one of - <option>other</option>, - <option>batch</option>, - <option>idle</option>, - <option>fifo</option> or - <option>rr</option>. See - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sched_setscheduler</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> - for details.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>CPUSchedulingPriority=</varname></term> - - <listitem><para>Sets the CPU scheduling priority for executed - processes. The available priority range depends on the - selected CPU scheduling policy (see above). For real-time - scheduling policies an integer between 1 (lowest priority) and - 99 (highest priority) can be used. See - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sched_setscheduler</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> - for details. </para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>CPUSchedulingResetOnFork=</varname></term> - - <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. If true, elevated - CPU scheduling priorities and policies will be reset when the - executed processes fork, and can hence not leak into child - processes. See - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sched_setscheduler</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> - for details. Defaults to false.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>CPUAffinity=</varname></term> - - <listitem><para>Controls the CPU affinity of the executed - processes. Takes a space-separated list of CPU indices. This - option may be specified more than once in which case the - specified CPU affinity masks are merged. If the empty string - is assigned, the mask is reset, all assignments prior to this - will have no effect. See - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sched_setaffinity</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> - for details.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>UMask=</varname></term> - - <listitem><para>Controls the file mode creation mask. Takes an - access mode in octal notation. See - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>umask</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> - for details. Defaults to 0022.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>Environment=</varname></term> - - <listitem><para>Sets environment variables for executed - processes. Takes a space-separated list of variable - assignments. This option may be specified more than once in - which case all listed variables will be set. If the same - variable is set twice, the later setting will override the - earlier setting. If the empty string is assigned to this - option, the list of environment variables is reset, all prior - assignments have no effect. Variable expansion is not - performed inside the strings, however, specifier expansion is - possible. The $ character has no special meaning. If you need - to assign a value containing spaces to a variable, use double - quotes (") for the assignment.</para> - - <para>Example: - <programlisting>Environment="VAR1=word1 word2" VAR2=word3 "VAR3=$word 5 6"</programlisting> - gives three variables <literal>VAR1</literal>, - <literal>VAR2</literal>, <literal>VAR3</literal> - with the values <literal>word1 word2</literal>, - <literal>word3</literal>, <literal>$word 5 6</literal>. - </para> - - <para> - See - <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>environ</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> - for details about environment variables.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>EnvironmentFile=</varname></term> - <listitem><para>Similar to <varname>Environment=</varname> but - reads the environment variables from a text file. The text - file should contain new-line-separated variable assignments. - Empty lines and lines starting with ; or # will be ignored, - which may be used for commenting. A line ending with a - backslash will be concatenated with the following one, - allowing multiline variable definitions. The parser strips - leading and trailing whitespace from the values of - assignments, unless you use double quotes (").</para> - - <para>The argument passed should be an absolute filename or - wildcard expression, optionally prefixed with - <literal>-</literal>, which indicates that if the file does - not exist, it will not be read and no error or warning message - is logged. This option may be specified more than once in - which case all specified files are read. If the empty string - is assigned to this option, the list of file to read is reset, - all prior assignments have no effect.</para> - - <para>The files listed with this directive will be read - shortly before the process is executed (more specifically, - after all processes from a previous unit state terminated. - This means you can generate these files in one unit state, and - read it with this option in the next).</para> - - <para>Settings from these - files override settings made with - <varname>Environment=</varname>. If the same variable is set - twice from these files, the files will be read in the order - they are specified and the later setting will override the - earlier setting.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>StandardInput=</varname></term> - <listitem><para>Controls where file descriptor 0 (STDIN) of - the executed processes is connected to. Takes one of - <option>null</option>, - <option>tty</option>, - <option>tty-force</option>, - <option>tty-fail</option> or - <option>socket</option>.</para> - - <para>If <option>null</option> is selected, standard input - will be connected to <filename>/dev/null</filename>, i.e. all - read attempts by the process will result in immediate - EOF.</para> - - <para>If <option>tty</option> is selected, standard input is - connected to a TTY (as configured by - <varname>TTYPath=</varname>, see below) and the executed - process becomes the controlling process of the terminal. If - the terminal is already being controlled by another process, - the executed process waits until the current controlling - process releases the terminal.</para> - - <para><option>tty-force</option> is similar to - <option>tty</option>, but the executed process is forcefully - and immediately made the controlling process of the terminal, - potentially removing previous controlling processes from the - terminal.</para> - - <para><option>tty-fail</option> is similar to - <option>tty</option> but if the terminal already has a - controlling process start-up of the executed process - fails.</para> - - <para>The <option>socket</option> option is only valid in - socket-activated services, and only when the socket - configuration file (see - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.socket</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> - for details) specifies a single socket only. If this option is - set, standard input will be connected to the socket the - service was activated from, which is primarily useful for - compatibility with daemons designed for use with the - traditional - <citerefentry project='freebsd'><refentrytitle>inetd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> - daemon.</para> - - <para>This setting defaults to - <option>null</option>.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>StandardOutput=</varname></term> - <listitem><para>Controls where file descriptor 1 (STDOUT) of - the executed processes is connected to. Takes one of - <option>inherit</option>, - <option>null</option>, - <option>tty</option>, - <option>journal</option>, - <option>syslog</option>, - <option>kmsg</option>, - <option>journal+console</option>, - <option>syslog+console</option>, - <option>kmsg+console</option> or - <option>socket</option>.</para> - - <para><option>inherit</option> duplicates the file descriptor - of standard input for standard output.</para> - - <para><option>null</option> connects standard output to - <filename>/dev/null</filename>, i.e. everything written to it - will be lost.</para> - - <para><option>tty</option> connects standard output to a tty - (as configured via <varname>TTYPath=</varname>, see below). If - the TTY is used for output only, the executed process will not - become the controlling process of the terminal, and will not - fail or wait for other processes to release the - terminal.</para> - - <para><option>journal</option> connects standard output with - the journal which is accessible via - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>journalctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. - Note that everything that is written to syslog or kmsg (see - below) is implicitly stored in the journal as well, the - specific two options listed below are hence supersets of this - one.</para> - - <para><option>syslog</option> connects standard output to the - <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>syslog</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> - system syslog service, in addition to the journal. Note that - the journal daemon is usually configured to forward everything - it receives to syslog anyway, in which case this option is no - different from <option>journal</option>.</para> - - <para><option>kmsg</option> connects standard output with the - kernel log buffer which is accessible via - <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>dmesg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, - in addition to the journal. The journal daemon might be - configured to send all logs to kmsg anyway, in which case this - option is no different from <option>journal</option>.</para> - - <para><option>journal+console</option>, - <option>syslog+console</option> and - <option>kmsg+console</option> work in a similar way as the - three options above but copy the output to the system console - as well.</para> - - <para><option>socket</option> connects standard output to a - socket acquired via socket activation. The semantics are - similar to the same option of - <varname>StandardInput=</varname>.</para> - - <para>This setting defaults to the value set with - <option>DefaultStandardOutput=</option> in - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-system.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, - which defaults to <option>journal</option>.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>StandardError=</varname></term> - <listitem><para>Controls where file descriptor 2 (STDERR) of - the executed processes is connected to. The available options - are identical to those of <varname>StandardOutput=</varname>, - with one exception: if set to <option>inherit</option> the - file descriptor used for standard output is duplicated for - standard error. This setting defaults to the value set with - <option>DefaultStandardError=</option> in - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-system.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, - which defaults to <option>inherit</option>.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>TTYPath=</varname></term> - <listitem><para>Sets the terminal device node to use if - standard input, output, or error are connected to a TTY (see - above). Defaults to - <filename>/dev/console</filename>.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>TTYReset=</varname></term> - <listitem><para>Reset the terminal device specified with - <varname>TTYPath=</varname> before and after execution. - Defaults to <literal>no</literal>.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>TTYVHangup=</varname></term> - <listitem><para>Disconnect all clients which have opened the - terminal device specified with <varname>TTYPath=</varname> - before and after execution. Defaults to - <literal>no</literal>.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>TTYVTDisallocate=</varname></term> - <listitem><para>If the terminal device specified with - <varname>TTYPath=</varname> is a virtual console terminal, try - to deallocate the TTY before and after execution. This ensures - that the screen and scrollback buffer is cleared. Defaults to - <literal>no</literal>.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>SyslogIdentifier=</varname></term> - <listitem><para>Sets the process name to prefix log lines sent - to the logging system or the kernel log buffer with. If not - set, defaults to the process name of the executed process. - This option is only useful when - <varname>StandardOutput=</varname> or - <varname>StandardError=</varname> are set to - <option>syslog</option>, <option>journal</option> or - <option>kmsg</option> (or to the same settings in combination - with <option>+console</option>).</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>SyslogFacility=</varname></term> - <listitem><para>Sets the syslog facility to use when logging - to syslog. One of <option>kern</option>, - <option>user</option>, <option>mail</option>, - <option>daemon</option>, <option>auth</option>, - <option>syslog</option>, <option>lpr</option>, - <option>news</option>, <option>uucp</option>, - <option>cron</option>, <option>authpriv</option>, - <option>ftp</option>, <option>local0</option>, - <option>local1</option>, <option>local2</option>, - <option>local3</option>, <option>local4</option>, - <option>local5</option>, <option>local6</option> or - <option>local7</option>. See - <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>syslog</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> - for details. This option is only useful when - <varname>StandardOutput=</varname> or - <varname>StandardError=</varname> are set to - <option>syslog</option>. Defaults to - <option>daemon</option>.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>SyslogLevel=</varname></term> - <listitem><para>Default syslog level to use when logging to - syslog or the kernel log buffer. One of - <option>emerg</option>, - <option>alert</option>, - <option>crit</option>, - <option>err</option>, - <option>warning</option>, - <option>notice</option>, - <option>info</option>, - <option>debug</option>. See - <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>syslog</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> - for details. This option is only useful when - <varname>StandardOutput=</varname> or - <varname>StandardError=</varname> are set to - <option>syslog</option> or <option>kmsg</option>. Note that - individual lines output by the daemon might be prefixed with a - different log level which can be used to override the default - log level specified here. The interpretation of these prefixes - may be disabled with <varname>SyslogLevelPrefix=</varname>, - see below. For details see - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd-daemon</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>. - - Defaults to - <option>info</option>.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>SyslogLevelPrefix=</varname></term> - <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. If true and - <varname>StandardOutput=</varname> or - <varname>StandardError=</varname> are set to - <option>syslog</option>, <option>kmsg</option> or - <option>journal</option>, log lines written by the executed - process that are prefixed with a log level will be passed on - to syslog with this log level set but the prefix removed. If - set to false, the interpretation of these prefixes is disabled - and the logged lines are passed on as-is. For details about - this prefixing see - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd-daemon</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>. - Defaults to true.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>TimerSlackNSec=</varname></term> - <listitem><para>Sets the timer slack in nanoseconds for the - executed processes. The timer slack controls the accuracy of - wake-ups triggered by timers. See - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>prctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> - for more information. Note that in contrast to most other time - span definitions this parameter takes an integer value in - nano-seconds if no unit is specified. The usual time units are - understood too.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>LimitCPU=</varname></term> - <term><varname>LimitFSIZE=</varname></term> - <term><varname>LimitDATA=</varname></term> - <term><varname>LimitSTACK=</varname></term> - <term><varname>LimitCORE=</varname></term> - <term><varname>LimitRSS=</varname></term> - <term><varname>LimitNOFILE=</varname></term> - <term><varname>LimitAS=</varname></term> - <term><varname>LimitNPROC=</varname></term> - <term><varname>LimitMEMLOCK=</varname></term> - <term><varname>LimitLOCKS=</varname></term> - <term><varname>LimitSIGPENDING=</varname></term> - <term><varname>LimitMSGQUEUE=</varname></term> - <term><varname>LimitNICE=</varname></term> - <term><varname>LimitRTPRIO=</varname></term> - <term><varname>LimitRTTIME=</varname></term> - <listitem><para>These settings set both soft and hard limits - of various resources for executed processes. See - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>setrlimit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> - for details. Use the string <varname>infinity</varname> to - configure no limit on a specific resource.</para></listitem> - - <table> - <title>Limit directives and their equivalent with ulimit</title> - - <tgroup cols='2'> - <colspec colname='directive' /> - <colspec colname='equivalent' /> - <thead> - <row> - <entry>Directive</entry> - <entry>ulimit equivalent</entry> - </row> - </thead> - <tbody> - <row> - <entry>LimitCPU</entry> - <entry>ulimit -t</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry>LimitFSIZE</entry> - <entry>ulimit -f</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry>LimitDATA</entry> - <entry>ulimit -d</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry>LimitSTACK</entry> - <entry>ulimit -s</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry>LimitCORE</entry> - <entry>ulimit -c</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry>LimitRSS</entry> - <entry>ulimit -m</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry>LimitNOFILE</entry> - <entry>ulimit -n</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry>LimitAS</entry> - <entry>ulimit -v</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry>LimitNPROC</entry> - <entry>ulimit -u</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry>LimitMEMLOCK</entry> - <entry>ulimit -l</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry>LimitLOCKS</entry> - <entry>ulimit -x</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry>LimitSIGPENDING</entry> - <entry>ulimit -i</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry>LimitMSGQUEUE</entry> - <entry>ulimit -q</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry>LimitNICE</entry> - <entry>ulimit -e</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry>LimitRTPRIO</entry> - <entry>ulimit -r</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry>LimitRTTIME</entry> - <entry>No equivalent</entry> - </row> - </tbody> - </tgroup> - </table> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>PAMName=</varname></term> - <listitem><para>Sets the PAM service name to set up a session - as. If set, the executed process will be registered as a PAM - session under the specified service name. This is only useful - in conjunction with the <varname>User=</varname> setting. If - not set, no PAM session will be opened for the executed - processes. See - <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>pam</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> - for details.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>CapabilityBoundingSet=</varname></term> - - <listitem><para>Controls which capabilities to include in the - capability bounding set for the executed process. See - <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>capabilities</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> - for details. Takes a whitespace-separated list of capability - names as read by - <citerefentry project='mankier'><refentrytitle>cap_from_name</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, - e.g. <constant>CAP_SYS_ADMIN</constant>, - <constant>CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE</constant>, - <constant>CAP_SYS_PTRACE</constant>. Capabilities listed will - be included in the bounding set, all others are removed. If - the list of capabilities is prefixed with - <literal>~</literal>, all but the listed capabilities will be - included, the effect of the assignment inverted. Note that - this option also affects the respective capabilities in the - effective, permitted and inheritable capability sets, on top - of what <varname>Capabilities=</varname> does. If this option - is not used, the capability bounding set is not modified on - process execution, hence no limits on the capabilities of the - process are enforced. This option may appear more than once in - which case the bounding sets are merged. If the empty string - is assigned to this option, the bounding set is reset to the - empty capability set, and all prior settings have no effect. - If set to <literal>~</literal> (without any further argument), - the bounding set is reset to the full set of available - capabilities, also undoing any previous - settings.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>SecureBits=</varname></term> - <listitem><para>Controls the secure bits set for the executed - process. Takes a space-separated combination of options from - the following list: - <option>keep-caps</option>, - <option>keep-caps-locked</option>, - <option>no-setuid-fixup</option>, - <option>no-setuid-fixup-locked</option>, - <option>noroot</option>, and - <option>noroot-locked</option>. - This option may appear more than once in which case the secure - bits are ORed. If the empty string is assigned to this option, - the bits are reset to 0. See - <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>capabilities</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> - for details.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>Capabilities=</varname></term> - <listitem><para>Controls the - <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>capabilities</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> - set for the executed process. Take a capability string - describing the effective, permitted and inherited capability - sets as documented in - <citerefentry project='mankier'><refentrytitle>cap_from_text</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>. - Note that these capability sets are usually influenced (and - filtered) by the capabilities attached to the executed file. - Due to that <varname>CapabilityBoundingSet=</varname> is - probably a much more useful setting.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>ReadWriteDirectories=</varname></term> - <term><varname>ReadOnlyDirectories=</varname></term> - <term><varname>InaccessibleDirectories=</varname></term> - - <listitem><para>Sets up a new file system namespace for - executed processes. These options may be used to limit access - a process might have to the main file system hierarchy. Each - setting takes a space-separated list of absolute directory - paths. Directories listed in - <varname>ReadWriteDirectories=</varname> are accessible from - within the namespace with the same access rights as from - outside. Directories listed in - <varname>ReadOnlyDirectories=</varname> are accessible for - reading only, writing will be refused even if the usual file - access controls would permit this. Directories listed in - <varname>InaccessibleDirectories=</varname> will be made - inaccessible for processes inside the namespace. Note that - restricting access with these options does not extend to - submounts of a directory that are created later on. These - options may be specified more than once in which case all - directories listed will have limited access from within the - namespace. If the empty string is assigned to this option, the - specific list is reset, and all prior assignments have no - effect.</para> - <para>Paths in - <varname>ReadOnlyDirectories=</varname> - and - <varname>InaccessibleDirectories=</varname> - may be prefixed with - <literal>-</literal>, in which case - they will be ignored when they do not - exist. Note that using this - setting will disconnect propagation of - mounts from the service to the host - (propagation in the opposite direction - continues to work). This means that - this setting may not be used for - services which shall be able to - install mount points in the main mount - namespace.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>PrivateTmp=</varname></term> - - <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. If true, sets up a - new file system namespace for the executed processes and - mounts private <filename>/tmp</filename> and - <filename>/var/tmp</filename> directories inside it that is - not shared by processes outside of the namespace. This is - useful to secure access to temporary files of the process, but - makes sharing between processes via <filename>/tmp</filename> - or <filename>/var/tmp</filename> impossible. If this is - enabled, all temporary files created by a service in these - directories will be removed after the service is stopped. - Defaults to false. It is possible to run two or more units - within the same private <filename>/tmp</filename> and - <filename>/var/tmp</filename> namespace by using the - <varname>JoinsNamespaceOf=</varname> directive, see - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> - for details. Note that using this setting will disconnect - propagation of mounts from the service to the host - (propagation in the opposite direction continues to work). - This means that this setting may not be used for services - which shall be able to install mount points in the main mount - namespace.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>PrivateDevices=</varname></term> - - <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. If true, sets up a - new /dev namespace for the executed processes and only adds - API pseudo devices such as <filename>/dev/null</filename>, - <filename>/dev/zero</filename> or - <filename>/dev/random</filename> (as well as the pseudo TTY - subsystem) to it, but no physical devices such as - <filename>/dev/sda</filename>. This is useful to securely turn - off physical device access by the executed process. Defaults - to false. Enabling this option will also remove - <constant>CAP_MKNOD</constant> from the capability bounding - set for the unit (see above), and set - <varname>DevicePolicy=closed</varname> (see - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.resource-control</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> - for details). Note that using this setting will disconnect - propagation of mounts from the service to the host - (propagation in the opposite direction continues to work). - This means that this setting may not be used for services - which shall be able to install mount points in the main mount - namespace.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>PrivateNetwork=</varname></term> - - <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. If true, sets up a - new network namespace for the executed processes and - configures only the loopback network device - <literal>lo</literal> inside it. No other network devices will - be available to the executed process. This is useful to - securely turn off network access by the executed process. - Defaults to false. It is possible to run two or more units - within the same private network namespace by using the - <varname>JoinsNamespaceOf=</varname> directive, see - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> - for details. Note that this option will disconnect all socket - families from the host, this includes AF_NETLINK and AF_UNIX. - The latter has the effect that AF_UNIX sockets in the abstract - socket namespace will become unavailable to the processes - (however, those located in the file system will continue to be - accessible).</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>ProtectSystem=</varname></term> - - <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument or - <literal>full</literal>. If true, mounts the - <filename>/usr</filename> and <filename>/boot</filename> - directories read-only for processes invoked by this unit. If - set to <literal>full</literal>, the <filename>/etc</filename> - directory is mounted read-only, too. This setting ensures that - any modification of the vendor supplied operating system (and - optionally its configuration) is prohibited for the service. - It is recommended to enable this setting for all long-running - services, unless they are involved with system updates or need - to modify the operating system in other ways. Note however - that processes retaining the CAP_SYS_ADMIN capability can undo - the effect of this setting. This setting is hence particularly - useful for daemons which have this capability removed, for - example with <varname>CapabilityBoundingSet=</varname>. - Defaults to off.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>ProtectHome=</varname></term> - - <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument or - <literal>read-only</literal>. If true, the directories - <filename>/home</filename> and <filename>/run/user</filename> - are made inaccessible and empty for processes invoked by this - unit. If set to <literal>read-only</literal>, the two - directories are made read-only instead. It is recommended to - enable this setting for all long-running services (in - particular network-facing ones), to ensure they cannot get - access to private user data, unless the services actually - require access to the user's private data. Note however that - processes retaining the CAP_SYS_ADMIN capability can undo the - effect of this setting. This setting is hence particularly - useful for daemons which have this capability removed, for - example with <varname>CapabilityBoundingSet=</varname>. - Defaults to off.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>MountFlags=</varname></term> - - <listitem><para>Takes a mount propagation flag: - <option>shared</option>, <option>slave</option> or - <option>private</option>, which control whether mounts in the - file system namespace set up for this unit's processes will - receive or propagate mounts or unmounts. See - <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> - for details. Defaults to <option>shared</option>. Use - <option>shared</option> to ensure that mounts and unmounts are - propagated from the host to the container and vice versa. Use - <option>slave</option> to run processes so that none of their - mounts and unmounts will propagate to the host. Use - <option>private</option> to also ensure that no mounts and - unmounts from the host will propagate into the unit processes' - namespace. Note that <option>slave</option> means that file - systems mounted on the host might stay mounted continuously in - the unit's namespace, and thus keep the device busy. Note that - the file system namespace related options - (<varname>PrivateTmp=</varname>, - <varname>PrivateDevices=</varname>, - <varname>ProtectSystem=</varname>, - <varname>ProtectHome=</varname>, - <varname>ReadOnlyDirectories=</varname>, - <varname>InaccessibleDirectories=</varname> and - <varname>ReadWriteDirectories=</varname>) require that mount - and unmount propagation from the unit's file system namespace - is disabled, and hence downgrade <option>shared</option> to - <option>slave</option>. </para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>UtmpIdentifier=</varname></term> - - <listitem><para>Takes a four character identifier string for - an utmp/wtmp entry for this service. This should only be set - for services such as <command>getty</command> implementations - where utmp/wtmp entries must be created and cleared before and - after execution. If the configured string is longer than four - characters, it is truncated and the terminal four characters - are used. This setting interprets %I style string - replacements. This setting is unset by default, i.e. no - utmp/wtmp entries are created or cleaned up for this - service.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>SELinuxContext=</varname></term> - - <listitem><para>Set the SELinux security context of the - executed process. If set, this will override the automated - domain transition. However, the policy still needs to - authorize the transition. This directive is ignored if SELinux - is disabled. If prefixed by <literal>-</literal>, all errors - will be ignored. See - <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>setexeccon</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> - for details.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>AppArmorProfile=</varname></term> - - <listitem><para>Takes a profile name as argument. The process - executed by the unit will switch to this profile when started. - Profiles must already be loaded in the kernel, or the unit - will fail. This result in a non operation if AppArmor is not - enabled. If prefixed by <literal>-</literal>, all errors will - be ignored. </para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>SmackProcessLabel=</varname></term> - - <listitem><para>Takes a <option>SMACK64</option> security - label as argument. The process executed by the unit will be - started under this label and SMACK will decide whether the - processes is allowed to run or not based on it. The process - will continue to run under the label specified here unless the - executable has its own <option>SMACK64EXEC</option> label, in - which case the process will transition to run under that - label. When not specified, the label that systemd is running - under is used. This directive is ignored if SMACK is - disabled.</para> - - <para>The value may be prefixed by <literal>-</literal>, in - which case all errors will be ignored. An empty value may be - specified to unset previous assignments.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>IgnoreSIGPIPE=</varname></term> - - <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. If true, causes - <constant>SIGPIPE</constant> to be ignored in the executed - process. Defaults to true because <constant>SIGPIPE</constant> - generally is useful only in shell pipelines.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>NoNewPrivileges=</varname></term> - - <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. If true, ensures - that the service process and all its children can never gain - new privileges. This option is more powerful than the - respective secure bits flags (see above), as it also prohibits - UID changes of any kind. This is the simplest, most effective - way to ensure that a process and its children can never - elevate privileges again.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>SystemCallFilter=</varname></term> - - <listitem><para>Takes a space-separated list of system call - names. If this setting is used, all system calls executed by - the unit processes except for the listed ones will result in - immediate process termination with the - <constant>SIGSYS</constant> signal (whitelisting). If the - first character of the list is <literal>~</literal>, the - effect is inverted: only the listed system calls will result - in immediate process termination (blacklisting). If running in - user mode and this option is used, - <varname>NoNewPrivileges=yes</varname> is implied. This - feature makes use of the Secure Computing Mode 2 interfaces of - the kernel ('seccomp filtering') and is useful for enforcing a - minimal sandboxing environment. Note that the - <function>execve</function>, - <function>rt_sigreturn</function>, - <function>sigreturn</function>, - <function>exit_group</function>, <function>exit</function> - system calls are implicitly whitelisted and do not need to be - listed explicitly. This option may be specified more than once - in which case the filter masks are merged. If the empty string - is assigned, the filter is reset, all prior assignments will - have no effect.</para> - - <para>If you specify both types of this option (i.e. - whitelisting and blacklisting), the first encountered will - take precedence and will dictate the default action - (termination or approval of a system call). Then the next - occurrences of this option will add or delete the listed - system calls from the set of the filtered system calls, - depending of its type and the default action. (For example, if - you have started with a whitelisting of - <function>read</function> and <function>write</function>, and - right after it add a blacklisting of - <function>write</function>, then <function>write</function> - will be removed from the set.) </para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>SystemCallErrorNumber=</varname></term> - - <listitem><para>Takes an <literal>errno</literal> error number - name to return when the system call filter configured with - <varname>SystemCallFilter=</varname> is triggered, instead of - terminating the process immediately. Takes an error name such - as <constant>EPERM</constant>, <constant>EACCES</constant> or - <constant>EUCLEAN</constant>. When this setting is not used, - or when the empty string is assigned, the process will be - terminated immediately when the filter is - triggered.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>SystemCallArchitectures=</varname></term> - - <listitem><para>Takes a space separated list of architecture - identifiers to include in the system call filter. The known - architecture identifiers are <constant>x86</constant>, - <constant>x86-64</constant>, <constant>x32</constant>, - <constant>arm</constant> as well as the special identifier - <constant>native</constant>. Only system calls of the - specified architectures will be permitted to processes of this - unit. This is an effective way to disable compatibility with - non-native architectures for processes, for example to - prohibit execution of 32-bit x86 binaries on 64-bit x86-64 - systems. The special <constant>native</constant> identifier - implicitly maps to the native architecture of the system (or - more strictly: to the architecture the system manager is - compiled for). If running in user mode and this option is - used, <varname>NoNewPrivileges=yes</varname> is implied. Note - that setting this option to a non-empty list implies that - <constant>native</constant> is included too. By default, this - option is set to the empty list, i.e. no architecture system - call filtering is applied.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>RestrictAddressFamilies=</varname></term> - - <listitem><para>Restricts the set of socket address families - accessible to the processes of this unit. Takes a - space-separated list of address family names to whitelist, - such as - <constant>AF_UNIX</constant>, - <constant>AF_INET</constant> or - <constant>AF_INET6</constant>. When - prefixed with <constant>~</constant> the listed address - families will be applied as blacklist, otherwise as whitelist. - Note that this restricts access to the - <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>socket</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> - system call only. Sockets passed into the process by other - means (for example, by using socket activation with socket - units, see - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.socket</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>) - are unaffected. Also, sockets created with - <function>socketpair()</function> (which creates connected - AF_UNIX sockets only) are unaffected. Note that this option - has no effect on 32-bit x86 and is ignored (but works - correctly on x86-64). If running in user mode and this option - is used, <varname>NoNewPrivileges=yes</varname> is implied. By - default, no restriction applies, all address families are - accessible to processes. If assigned the empty string, any - previous list changes are undone.</para> - - <para>Use this option to limit exposure of processes to remote - systems, in particular via exotic network protocols. Note that - in most cases, the local <constant>AF_UNIX</constant> address - family should be included in the configured whitelist as it is - frequently used for local communication, including for - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>syslog</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> - logging.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>Personality=</varname></term> - - <listitem><para>Controls which kernel architecture - <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>uname</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> - shall report, when invoked by unit processes. Takes one of - <constant>x86</constant> and <constant>x86-64</constant>. This - is useful when running 32-bit services on a 64-bit host - system. If not specified, the personality is left unmodified - and thus reflects the personality of the host system's - kernel.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>RuntimeDirectory=</varname></term> - <term><varname>RuntimeDirectoryMode=</varname></term> - - <listitem><para>Takes a list of directory names. If set, one - or more directories by the specified names will be created - below <filename>/run</filename> (for system services) or below - <varname>$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR</varname> (for user services) when - the unit is started, and removed when the unit is stopped. The - directories will have the access mode specified in - <varname>RuntimeDirectoryMode=</varname>, and will be owned by - the user and group specified in <varname>User=</varname> and - <varname>Group=</varname>. Use this to manage one or more - runtime directories of the unit and bind their lifetime to the - daemon runtime. The specified directory names must be - relative, and may not include a <literal>/</literal>, i.e. - must refer to simple directories to create or remove. This is - particularly useful for unprivileged daemons that cannot - create runtime directories in <filename>/run</filename> due to - lack of privileges, and to make sure the runtime directory is - cleaned up automatically after use. For runtime directories - that require more complex or different configuration or - lifetime guarantees, please consider using - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tmpfiles.d</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - </variablelist> - </refsect1> - - <refsect1> - <title>Environment variables in spawned processes</title> - - <para>Processes started by the system are executed in a clean - environment in which select variables listed below are set. System - processes started by systemd do not inherit variables from PID 1, - but processes started by user systemd instances inherit all - environment variables from the user systemd instance. - </para> - - <variablelist class='environment-variables'> - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>$PATH</varname></term> - - <listitem><para>Colon-separated list of directories to use - when launching executables. Systemd uses a fixed value of - <filename>/usr/local/sbin</filename>:<filename>/usr/local/bin</filename>:<filename>/usr/sbin</filename>:<filename>/usr/bin</filename>:<filename>/sbin</filename>:<filename>/bin</filename>. - </para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>$LANG</varname></term> - - <listitem><para>Locale. Can be set in - <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>locale.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> - or on the kernel command line (see - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> - and - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>kernel-command-line</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>). - </para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>$USER</varname></term> - <term><varname>$LOGNAME</varname></term> - <term><varname>$HOME</varname></term> - <term><varname>$SHELL</varname></term> - - <listitem><para>User name (twice), home directory, and the - login shell. The variables are set for the units that have - <varname>User=</varname> set, which includes user - <command>systemd</command> instances. See - <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>. - </para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR</varname></term> - - <listitem><para>The directory for volatile state. Set for the - user <command>systemd</command> instance, and also in user - sessions. See - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>. - </para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>$XDG_SESSION_ID</varname></term> - <term><varname>$XDG_SEAT</varname></term> - <term><varname>$XDG_VTNR</varname></term> - - <listitem><para>The identifier of the session, the seat name, - and virtual terminal of the session. Set by - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> - for login sessions. <varname>$XDG_SEAT</varname> and - <varname>$XDG_VTNR</varname> will only be set when attached to - a seat and a tty.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>$MAINPID</varname></term> - - <listitem><para>The PID of the units main process if it is - known. This is only set for control processes as invoked by - <varname>ExecReload=</varname> and similar. </para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>$MANAGERPID</varname></term> - - <listitem><para>The PID of the user <command>systemd</command> - instance, set for processes spawned by it. </para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>$LISTEN_FDS</varname></term> - <term><varname>$LISTEN_PID</varname></term> - - <listitem><para>Information about file descriptors passed to a - service for socket activation. See - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd_listen_fds</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>. - </para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><varname>$TERM</varname></term> - - <listitem><para>Terminal type, set only for units connected to - a terminal (<varname>StandardInput=tty</varname>, - <varname>StandardOutput=tty</varname>, or - <varname>StandardError=tty</varname>). See - <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>termcap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>. - </para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - </variablelist> - - <para>Additional variables may be configured by the following - means: for processes spawned in specific units, use the - <varname>Environment=</varname> and - <varname>EnvironmentFile=</varname> options above; to specify - variables globally, use <varname>DefaultEnvironment=</varname> - (see - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-system.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>) - or the kernel option <varname>systemd.setenv=</varname> (see - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>). - Additional variables may also be set through PAM, - cf. <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>pam_env</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para> - </refsect1> - - <refsect1> - <title>See Also</title> - <para> - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>journalctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.socket</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.swap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.kill</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.resource-control</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.directives</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>, - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tmpfiles.d</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, - <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> - </para> - </refsect1> - -</refentry> |