summaryrefslogtreecommitdiff
path: root/man/systemd.unit.xml
blob: a452f87bafde0b59745392747f8bf1ef0c6dad19 (plain)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
<?xml version='1.0'?> <!--*-nxml-*-->
<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN"
  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd" [
<!ENTITY % entities SYSTEM "custom-entities.ent" >
%entities;
]>

<!--
  This file is part of systemd.

  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering

  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
  (at your option) any later version.

  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
  Lesser General Public License for more details.

  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-->

<refentry id="systemd.unit">

  <refentryinfo>
    <title>systemd.unit</title>
    <productname>systemd</productname>

    <authorgroup>
      <author>
        <contrib>Developer</contrib>
        <firstname>Lennart</firstname>
        <surname>Poettering</surname>
        <email>lennart@poettering.net</email>
      </author>
    </authorgroup>
  </refentryinfo>

  <refmeta>
    <refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle>
    <manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
  </refmeta>

  <refnamediv>
    <refname>systemd.unit</refname>
    <refpurpose>Unit configuration</refpurpose>
  </refnamediv>

  <refsynopsisdiv>
    <para><filename><replaceable>service</replaceable>.service</filename>,
    <filename><replaceable>socket</replaceable>.socket</filename>,
    <filename><replaceable>device</replaceable>.device</filename>,
    <filename><replaceable>mount</replaceable>.mount</filename>,
    <filename><replaceable>automount</replaceable>.automount</filename>,
    <filename><replaceable>swap</replaceable>.swap</filename>,
    <filename><replaceable>target</replaceable>.target</filename>,
    <filename><replaceable>path</replaceable>.path</filename>,
    <filename><replaceable>timer</replaceable>.timer</filename>,
    <filename><replaceable>snapshot</replaceable>.snapshot</filename>,
    <filename><replaceable>slice</replaceable>.slice</filename>,
    <filename><replaceable>scope</replaceable>.scope</filename></para>

    <para><literallayout><filename>/etc/systemd/system/*</filename>
<filename>/run/systemd/system/*</filename>
<filename>/usr/lib/systemd/system/*</filename>
<filename>...</filename>
    </literallayout></para>

    <para><literallayout><filename>$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/systemd/user/*</filename>
<filename>$HOME/.config/systemd/user/*</filename>
<filename>/etc/systemd/user/*</filename>
<filename>$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/systemd/user/*</filename>
<filename>/run/systemd/user/*</filename>
<filename>$XDG_DATA_HOME/systemd/user/*</filename>
<filename>$HOME/.local/share/systemd/user/*</filename>
<filename>/usr/lib/systemd/user/*</filename>
<filename>...</filename>
    </literallayout></para>
  </refsynopsisdiv>

  <refsect1>
    <title>Description</title>

    <para>A unit configuration file encodes information about a
    service, a socket, a device, a mount point, an automount point, a
    swap file or partition, a start-up target, a watched file system
    path, a timer controlled and supervised by
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
    a temporary system state snapshot, a resource management slice or
    a group of externally created processes. The syntax is inspired by
    <ulink
    url="http://standards.freedesktop.org/desktop-entry-spec/latest/">XDG
    Desktop Entry Specification</ulink> <filename>.desktop</filename>
    files, which are in turn inspired by Microsoft Windows
    <filename>.ini</filename> files.</para>

    <para>This man page lists the common configuration options of all
    the unit types. These options need to be configured in the [Unit]
    or [Install] sections of the unit files.</para>

    <para>In addition to the generic [Unit] and [Install] sections
    described here, each unit may have a type-specific section, e.g.
    [Service] for a service unit. See the respective man pages for
    more information:
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.socket</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.device</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.automount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.swap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.target</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.path</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.timer</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.snapshot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.slice</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.scope</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
    </para>

    <para>Various settings are allowed to be specified more than once,
    in which case the interpretation depends on the setting. Often,
    multiple settings form a list, and setting to an empty value
    "resets", which means that previous assignments are ignored. When
    this is allowed, it is mentioned in the description of the
    setting. Note that using multiple assignments to the same value
    makes the unit file incompatible with parsers for the XDG
    <filename>.desktop</filename> file format.</para>

    <para>Unit files are loaded from a set of paths determined during
    compilation, described in the next section.</para>

    <para>Unit files may contain additional options on top of those
    listed here. If systemd encounters an unknown option, it will
    write a warning log message but continue loading the unit. If an
    option or section name is prefixed with <option>X-</option>, it is
    ignored completely by systemd. Options within an ignored section
    do not need the prefix. Applications may use this to include
    additional information in the unit files.</para>

    <para>Boolean arguments used in unit files can be written in
    various formats. For positive settings the strings
    <option>1</option>, <option>yes</option>, <option>true</option>
    and <option>on</option> are equivalent. For negative settings, the
    strings <option>0</option>, <option>no</option>,
    <option>false</option> and <option>off</option> are
    equivalent.</para>

    <para>Time span values encoded in unit files can be written in
    various formats. A stand-alone number specifies a time in seconds.
    If suffixed with a time unit, the unit is honored. A concatenation
    of multiple values with units is supported, in which case the
    values are added up. Example: "50" refers to 50 seconds; "2min
    200ms" refers to 2 minutes plus 200 milliseconds, i.e. 120200ms.
    The following time units are understood: s, min, h, d, w, ms, us.
    For details see
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.time</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>

    <para>Empty lines and lines starting with # or ; are
    ignored. This may be used for commenting. Lines ending
    in a backslash are concatenated with the following
    line while reading and the backslash is replaced by a
    space character. This may be used to wrap long lines.</para>

    <para>Along with a unit file <filename>foo.service</filename>, the
    directory <filename>foo.service.wants/</filename> may exist. All
    unit files symlinked from such a directory are implicitly added as
    dependencies of type <varname>Wants=</varname> to the unit. This
    is useful to hook units into the start-up of other units, without
    having to modify their unit files. For details about the semantics
    of <varname>Wants=</varname>, see below. The preferred way to
    create symlinks in the <filename>.wants/</filename> directory of a
    unit file is with the <command>enable</command> command of the
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
    tool which reads information from the [Install] section of unit
    files (see below). A similar functionality exists for
    <varname>Requires=</varname> type dependencies as well, the
    directory suffix is <filename>.requires/</filename> in this
    case.</para>

    <para>Along with a unit file <filename>foo.service</filename>, a
    directory <filename>foo.service.d/</filename> may exist. All files
    with the suffix <literal>.conf</literal> from this directory will
    be parsed after the file itself is parsed. This is useful to alter
    or add configuration settings to a unit, without having to modify
    their unit files. Make sure that the file that is included has the
    appropriate section headers before any directive. Note that for
    instanced units this logic will first look for the instance
    <literal>.d/</literal> subdirectory and read its
    <literal>.conf</literal> files, followed by the template
    <literal>.d/</literal> subdirectory and reads its
    <literal>.conf</literal> files.</para>

    <!-- Note that we do not document .include here, as we
         consider it mostly obsolete, and want people to
         use .d/ drop-ins instead. -->

    <para>Note that while systemd offers a flexible dependency system
    between units it is recommended to use this functionality only
    sparingly and instead rely on techniques such as bus-based or
    socket-based activation which make dependencies implicit,
    resulting in a both simpler and more flexible system.</para>

    <para>Some unit names reflect paths existing in the file system
    namespace. Example: a device unit
    <filename>dev-sda.device</filename> refers to a device with the
    device node <filename noindex='true'>/dev/sda</filename> in the
    file system namespace. If this applies, a special way to escape
    the path name is used, so that the result is usable as part of a
    filename. Basically, given a path, "/" is replaced by "-" and all
    other characters which are not ASCII alphanumerics are replaced by
    C-style "\x2d" escapes (except that "_" is never replaced and "."
    is only replaced when it would be the first character in the
    escaped path). The root directory "/" is encoded as single dash,
    while otherwise the initial and ending "/" are removed from all
    paths during transformation. This escaping is reversible. Properly
    escaped paths can be generated using the
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-escape</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
    command.</para>

    <para>Optionally, units may be instantiated from a
    template file at runtime. This allows creation of
    multiple units from a single configuration file. If
    systemd looks for a unit configuration file, it will
    first search for the literal unit name in the
    file system. If that yields no success and the unit
    name contains an <literal>@</literal> character, systemd will look for a
    unit template that shares the same name but with the
    instance string (i.e. the part between the <literal>@</literal> character
    and the suffix) removed. Example: if a service
    <filename>getty@tty3.service</filename> is requested
    and no file by that name is found, systemd will look
    for <filename>getty@.service</filename> and
    instantiate a service from that configuration file if
    it is found.</para>

    <para>To refer to the instance string from within the
    configuration file you may use the special <literal>%i</literal>
    specifier in many of the configuration options. See below for
    details.</para>

    <para>If a unit file is empty (i.e. has the file size 0) or is
    symlinked to <filename>/dev/null</filename>, its configuration
    will not be loaded and it appears with a load state of
    <literal>masked</literal>, and cannot be activated. Use this as an
    effective way to fully disable a unit, making it impossible to
    start it even manually.</para>

    <para>The unit file format is covered by the
    <ulink
    url="http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/InterfaceStabilityPromise">Interface
    Stability Promise</ulink>.</para>

  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>Unit Load Path</title>

    <para>Unit files are loaded from a set of paths determined during
    compilation, described in the two tables below. Unit files found
    in directories listed earlier override files with the same name in
    directories lower in the list.</para>

    <para>When systemd is running in user mode
    (<option>--user</option>) and the variable
    <varname>$SYSTEMD_UNIT_PATH</varname> is set, the contents of this
    variable overrides the unit load path. If
    <varname>$SYSTEMD_UNIT_PATH</varname> ends with an empty component
    (<literal>:</literal>), the usual unit load path will be appended
    to the contents of the variable.</para>

    <table>
      <title>
        Load path when running in system mode (<option>--system</option>).
      </title>

      <tgroup cols='2'>
        <colspec colname='path' />
        <colspec colname='expl' />
        <thead>
          <row>
      <entry>Path</entry>
      <entry>Description</entry>
          </row>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
          <row>
      <entry><filename>/etc/systemd/system</filename></entry>
      <entry>Local configuration</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
      <entry><filename>/run/systemd/system</filename></entry>
      <entry>Runtime units</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
      <entry><filename>/usr/lib/systemd/system</filename></entry>
      <entry>Units of installed packages</entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </table>

    <table>
      <title>
        Load path when running in user mode (<option>--user</option>).
      </title>

      <tgroup cols='2'>
        <colspec colname='path' />
        <colspec colname='expl' />
        <thead>
          <row>
      <entry>Path</entry>
      <entry>Description</entry>
          </row>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
          <row>
      <entry><filename>$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/systemd/user</filename></entry>
      <entry>User configuration (only used when $XDG_CONFIG_HOME is set)</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
      <entry><filename>$HOME/.config/systemd/user</filename></entry>
      <entry>User configuration (only used when $XDG_CONFIG_HOME is not set)</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
      <entry><filename>/etc/systemd/user</filename></entry>
      <entry>Local configuration</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
      <entry><filename>$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/systemd/user</filename></entry>
      <entry>Runtime units (only used when $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR is set)</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
      <entry><filename>/run/systemd/user</filename></entry>
      <entry>Runtime units</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
      <entry><filename>$XDG_DATA_HOME/systemd/user</filename></entry>
      <entry>Units of packages that have been installed in the home directory (only used when $XDG_DATA_HOME is set)</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
      <entry><filename>$HOME/.local/share/systemd/user</filename></entry>
      <entry>Units of packages that have been installed in the home directory (only used when $XDG_DATA_HOME is not set)</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
      <entry><filename>/usr/lib/systemd/user</filename></entry>
      <entry>Units of packages that have been installed system-wide</entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </table>

    <para>Additional units might be loaded into systemd ("linked")
    from directories not on the unit load path. See the
    <command>link</command> command for
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
    Also, some units are dynamically created via a
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
    </para>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>[Unit] Section Options</title>

    <para>Unit file may include a [Unit] section, which carries
    generic information about the unit that is not dependent on the
    type of unit:</para>

    <variablelist class='unit-directives'>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>Description=</varname></term>
        <listitem><para>A free-form string describing the unit. This
        is intended for use in UIs to show descriptive information
        along with the unit name. The description should contain a
        name that means something to the end user. <literal>Apache2
        Web Server</literal> is a good example. Bad examples are
        <literal>high-performance light-weight HTTP server</literal>
        (too generic) or <literal>Apache2</literal> (too specific and
        meaningless for people who do not know
        Apache).</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>Documentation=</varname></term>
        <listitem><para>A space-separated list of URIs referencing
        documentation for this unit or its configuration. Accepted are
        only URIs of the types <literal>http://</literal>,
        <literal>https://</literal>, <literal>file:</literal>,
        <literal>info:</literal>, <literal>man:</literal>. For more
        information about the syntax of these URIs, see <citerefentry
        project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>uri</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
        The URIs should be listed in order of relevance, starting with
        the most relevant. It is a good idea to first reference
        documentation that explains what the unit's purpose is,
        followed by how it is configured, followed by any other
        related documentation. This option may be specified more than
        once, in which case the specified list of URIs is merged. If
        the empty string is assigned to this option, the list is reset
        and all prior assignments will have no
        effect.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>Requires=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Configures requirement dependencies on other
        units. If this unit gets activated, the units listed here will
        be activated as well. If one of the other units gets
        deactivated or its activation fails, this unit will be
        deactivated. This option may be specified more than once or
        multiple space-separated units may be specified in one option
        in which case requirement dependencies for all listed names
        will be created. Note that requirement dependencies do not
        influence the order in which services are started or stopped.
        This has to be configured independently with the
        <varname>After=</varname> or <varname>Before=</varname>
        options. If a unit <filename>foo.service</filename> requires a
        unit <filename>bar.service</filename> as configured with
        <varname>Requires=</varname> and no ordering is configured
        with <varname>After=</varname> or <varname>Before=</varname>,
        then both units will be started simultaneously and without any
        delay between them if <filename>foo.service</filename> is
        activated. Often it is a better choice to use
        <varname>Wants=</varname> instead of
        <varname>Requires=</varname> in order to achieve a system that
        is more robust when dealing with failing services.</para>

        <para>Note that dependencies of this type may also be
        configured outside of the unit configuration file by adding a
        symlink to a <filename>.requires/</filename> directory
        accompanying the unit file. For details see
        above.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>RequiresOverridable=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Similar to <varname>Requires=</varname>.
        Dependencies listed in <varname>RequiresOverridable=</varname>
        which cannot be fulfilled or fail to start are ignored if the
        startup was explicitly requested by the user. If the start-up
        was pulled in indirectly by some dependency or automatic
        start-up of units that is not requested by the user, this
        dependency must be fulfilled and otherwise the transaction
        fails. Hence, this option may be used to configure
        dependencies that are normally honored unless the user
        explicitly starts up the unit, in which case whether they
        failed or not is irrelevant.</para></listitem>

      </varlistentry>
      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>Requisite=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>RequisiteOverridable=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Similar to <varname>Requires=</varname> and
        <varname>RequiresOverridable=</varname>, respectively.
        However, if the units listed here are not started already,
        they will not be started and the transaction will fail
        immediately. </para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>Wants=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>A weaker version of
        <varname>Requires=</varname>. Units listed in this option will
        be started if the configuring unit is. However, if the listed
        units fail to start or cannot be added to the transaction,
        this has no impact on the validity of the transaction as a
        whole. This is the recommended way to hook start-up of one
        unit to the start-up of another unit.</para>

        <para>Note that dependencies of this type may also be
        configured outside of the unit configuration file by adding
        symlinks to a <filename>.wants/</filename> directory
        accompanying the unit file. For details, see
        above.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>BindsTo=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Configures requirement dependencies, very
        similar in style to <varname>Requires=</varname>, however in
        addition to this behavior, it also declares that this unit is
        stopped when any of the units listed suddenly disappears.
        Units can suddenly, unexpectedly disappear if a service
        terminates on its own choice, a device is unplugged or a mount
        point unmounted without involvement of
        systemd.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>PartOf=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Configures dependencies similar to
        <varname>Requires=</varname>, but limited to stopping and
        restarting of units. When systemd stops or restarts the units
        listed here, the action is propagated to this unit. Note that
        this is a one-way dependency — changes to this unit do not
        affect the listed units. </para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>Conflicts=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>A space-separated list of unit names.
        Configures negative requirement dependencies. If a unit has a
        <varname>Conflicts=</varname> setting on another unit,
        starting the former will stop the latter and vice versa. Note
        that this setting is independent of and orthogonal to the
        <varname>After=</varname> and <varname>Before=</varname>
        ordering dependencies.</para>

        <para>If a unit A that conflicts with a unit B is scheduled to
        be started at the same time as B, the transaction will either
        fail (in case both are required part of the transaction) or be
        modified to be fixed (in case one or both jobs are not a
        required part of the transaction). In the latter case, the job
        that is not the required will be removed, or in case both are
        not required, the unit that conflicts will be started and the
        unit that is conflicted is stopped.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>Before=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>After=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>A space-separated list of unit names.
        Configures ordering dependencies between units. If a unit
        <filename>foo.service</filename> contains a setting
        <option>Before=bar.service</option> and both units are being
        started, <filename>bar.service</filename>'s start-up is
        delayed until <filename>foo.service</filename> is started up.
        Note that this setting is independent of and orthogonal to the
        requirement dependencies as configured by
        <varname>Requires=</varname>. It is a common pattern to
        include a unit name in both the <varname>After=</varname> and
        <varname>Requires=</varname> option, in which case the unit
        listed will be started before the unit that is configured with
        these options. This option may be specified more than once, in
        which case ordering dependencies for all listed names are
        created. <varname>After=</varname> is the inverse of
        <varname>Before=</varname>, i.e. while
        <varname>After=</varname> ensures that the configured unit is
        started after the listed unit finished starting up,
        <varname>Before=</varname> ensures the opposite, i.e. that the
        configured unit is fully started up before the listed unit is
        started. Note that when two units with an ordering dependency
        between them are shut down, the inverse of the start-up order
        is applied. i.e. if a unit is configured with
        <varname>After=</varname> on another unit, the former is
        stopped before the latter if both are shut down. If one unit
        with an ordering dependency on another unit is shut down while
        the latter is started up, the shut down is ordered before the
        start-up regardless of whether the ordering dependency is
        actually of type <varname>After=</varname> or
        <varname>Before=</varname>. If two units have no ordering
        dependencies between them, they are shut down or started up
        simultaneously, and no ordering takes place.
        </para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>OnFailure=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>A space-separated list of one or more units
        that are activated when this unit enters the
        <literal>failed</literal> state.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>PropagatesReloadTo=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>ReloadPropagatedFrom=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>A space-separated list of one or more units
        where reload requests on this unit will be propagated to, or
        reload requests on the other unit will be propagated to this
        unit, respectively. Issuing a reload request on a unit will
        automatically also enqueue a reload request on all units that
        the reload request shall be propagated to via these two
        settings.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>JoinsNamespaceOf=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>For units that start processes (such as
        service units), lists one or more other units whose network
        and/or temporary file namespace to join. This only applies to
        unit types which support the
        <varname>PrivateNetwork=</varname> and
        <varname>PrivateTmp=</varname> directives (see
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
        for details). If a unit that has this setting set is started,
        its processes will see the same <filename>/tmp</filename>,
        <filename>/tmp/var</filename> and network namespace as one
        listed unit that is started. If multiple listed units are
        already started, it is not defined which namespace is joined.
        Note that this setting only has an effect if
        <varname>PrivateNetwork=</varname> and/or
        <varname>PrivateTmp=</varname> is enabled for both the unit
        that joins the namespace and the unit whose namespace is
        joined.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>RequiresMountsFor=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Takes a space-separated list of absolute
        paths. Automatically adds dependencies of type
        <varname>Requires=</varname> and <varname>After=</varname> for
        all mount units required to access the specified path.</para>

        <para>Mount points marked with <option>noauto</option> are not
        mounted automatically and will be ignored for the purposes of
        this option. If such a mount should be a requirement for this
        unit, direct dependencies on the mount units may be added
        (<varname>Requires=</varname> and <varname>After=</varname> or
        some other combination). </para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>OnFailureJobMode=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Takes a value of
        <literal>fail</literal>,
        <literal>replace</literal>,
        <literal>replace-irreversibly</literal>,
        <literal>isolate</literal>,
        <literal>flush</literal>,
        <literal>ignore-dependencies</literal> or
        <literal>ignore-requirements</literal>. Defaults to
        <literal>replace</literal>. Specifies how the units listed in
        <varname>OnFailure=</varname> will be enqueued. See
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>'s
        <option>--job-mode=</option> option for details on the
        possible values. If this is set to <literal>isolate</literal>,
        only a single unit may be listed in
        <varname>OnFailure=</varname>..</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>IgnoreOnIsolate=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. If
        <option>true</option>, this unit will not be stopped when
        isolating another unit. Defaults to
        <option>false</option>.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>IgnoreOnSnapshot=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. If
        <option>true</option>, this unit will not be included in
        snapshots. Defaults to <option>true</option> for device and
        snapshot units, <option>false</option> for the
        others.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>StopWhenUnneeded=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. If
        <option>true</option>, this unit will be stopped when it is no
        longer used. Note that in order to minimize the work to be
        executed, systemd will not stop units by default unless they
        are conflicting with other units, or the user explicitly
        requested their shut down. If this option is set, a unit will
        be automatically cleaned up if no other active unit requires
        it. Defaults to <option>false</option>.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>RefuseManualStart=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>RefuseManualStop=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. If
        <option>true</option>, this unit can only be activated or
        deactivated indirectly. In this case, explicit start-up or
        termination requested by the user is denied, however if it is
        started or stopped as a dependency of another unit, start-up
        or termination will succeed. This is mostly a safety feature
        to ensure that the user does not accidentally activate units
        that are not intended to be activated explicitly, and not
        accidentally deactivate units that are not intended to be
        deactivated. These options default to
        <option>false</option>.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>AllowIsolate=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. If
        <option>true</option>, this unit may be used with the
        <command>systemctl isolate</command> command. Otherwise, this
        will be refused. It probably is a good idea to leave this
        disabled except for target units that shall be used similar to
        runlevels in SysV init systems, just as a precaution to avoid
        unusable system states. This option defaults to
        <option>false</option>.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>DefaultDependencies=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. If
        <option>true</option>, (the default), a few default
        dependencies will implicitly be created for the unit. The
        actual dependencies created depend on the unit type. For
        example, for service units, these dependencies ensure that the
        service is started only after basic system initialization is
        completed and is properly terminated on system shutdown. See
        the respective man pages for details. Generally, only services
        involved with early boot or late shutdown should set this
        option to <option>false</option>. It is highly recommended to
        leave this option enabled for the majority of common units. If
        set to <option>false</option>, this option does not disable
        all implicit dependencies, just non-essential
        ones.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>JobTimeoutSec=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>JobTimeoutAction=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>JobTimeoutRebootArgument=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>When a job for this unit is queued a time-out
        may be configured. If this time limit is reached, the job will
        be cancelled, the unit however will not change state or even
        enter the <literal>failed</literal> mode. This value defaults
        to 0 (job timeouts disabled), except for device units. NB:
        this timeout is independent from any unit-specific timeout
        (for example, the timeout set with
        <varname>StartTimeoutSec=</varname> in service units) as the
        job timeout has no effect on the unit itself, only on the job
        that might be pending for it. Or in other words: unit-specific
        timeouts are useful to abort unit state changes, and revert
        them. The job timeout set with this option however is useful
        to abort only the job waiting for the unit state to
        change.</para>

        <para><varname>JobTimeoutAction=</varname>
        optionally configures an additional
        action to take when the time-out is
        hit. It takes the same values as the
        per-service
        <varname>StartLimitAction=</varname>
        setting, see
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
        for details. Defaults to
        <option>none</option>. <varname>JobTimeoutRebootArgument=</varname>
        configures an optional reboot string
        to pass to the
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>reboot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
        system call.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>ConditionArchitecture=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>ConditionVirtualization=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>ConditionHost=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>ConditionKernelCommandLine=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>ConditionSecurity=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>ConditionCapability=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>ConditionACPower=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>ConditionNeedsUpdate=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>ConditionFirstBoot=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>ConditionPathExists=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>ConditionPathExistsGlob=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>ConditionPathIsDirectory=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>ConditionPathIsSymbolicLink=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>ConditionPathIsMountPoint=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>ConditionPathIsReadWrite=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>ConditionDirectoryNotEmpty=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>ConditionFileNotEmpty=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>ConditionFileIsExecutable=</varname></term>

        <!-- We don't document ConditionNull=
             here as it is not particularly
             useful and probably just
             confusing. -->

        <listitem><para>Before starting a unit verify that the
        specified condition is true. If it is not true, the starting
        of the unit will be skipped, however all ordering dependencies
        of it are still respected. A failing condition will not result
        in the unit being moved into a failure state. The condition is
        checked at the time the queued start job is to be
        executed.</para>

        <para><varname>ConditionArchitecture=</varname> may be used to
        check whether the system is running on a specific
        architecture. Takes one of
        <varname>x86</varname>,
        <varname>x86-64</varname>,
        <varname>ppc</varname>,
        <varname>ppc-le</varname>,
        <varname>ppc64</varname>,
        <varname>ppc64-le</varname>,
        <varname>ia64</varname>,
        <varname>parisc</varname>,
        <varname>parisc64</varname>,
        <varname>s390</varname>,
        <varname>s390x</varname>,
        <varname>sparc</varname>,
        <varname>sparc64</varname>,
        <varname>mips</varname>,
        <varname>mips-le</varname>,
        <varname>mips64</varname>,
        <varname>mips64-le</varname>,
        <varname>alpha</varname>,
        <varname>arm</varname>,
        <varname>arm-be</varname>,
        <varname>arm64</varname>,
        <varname>arm64-be</varname>,
        <varname>sh</varname>,
        <varname>sh64</varname>,
        <varname>m86k</varname>,
        <varname>tilegx</varname>,
        <varname>cris</varname> to test
        against a specific architecture. The architecture is
        determined from the information returned by
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>uname</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
        and is thus subject to
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>personality</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
        Note that a <varname>Personality=</varname> setting in the
        same unit file has no effect on this condition. A special
        architecture name <varname>native</varname> is mapped to the
        architecture the system manager itself is compiled for. The
        test may be negated by prepending an exclamation mark.</para>

        <para><varname>ConditionVirtualization=</varname> may be used
        to check whether the system is executed in a virtualized
        environment and optionally test whether it is a specific
        implementation. Takes either boolean value to check if being
        executed in any virtualized environment, or one of
        <varname>vm</varname> and
        <varname>container</varname> to test against a generic type of
        virtualization solution, or one of
        <varname>qemu</varname>,
        <varname>kvm</varname>,
        <varname>zvm</varname>,
        <varname>vmware</varname>,
        <varname>microsoft</varname>,
        <varname>oracle</varname>,
        <varname>xen</varname>,
        <varname>bochs</varname>,
        <varname>uml</varname>,
        <varname>openvz</varname>,
        <varname>lxc</varname>,
        <varname>lxc-libvirt</varname>,
        <varname>systemd-nspawn</varname>,
        <varname>docker</varname> to test
        against a specific implementation. See
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-detect-virt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
        for a full list of known virtualization technologies and their
        identifiers. If multiple virtualization technologies are
        nested, only the innermost is considered. The test may be
        negated by prepending an exclamation mark.</para>

        <para><varname>ConditionHost=</varname> may be used to match
        against the hostname or machine ID of the host. This either
        takes a hostname string (optionally with shell style globs)
        which is tested against the locally set hostname as returned
        by
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gethostname</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
        or a machine ID formatted as string (see
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>machine-id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>).
        The test may be negated by prepending an exclamation
        mark.</para>

        <para><varname>ConditionKernelCommandLine=</varname> may be
        used to check whether a specific kernel command line option is
        set (or if prefixed with the exclamation mark unset). The
        argument must either be a single word, or an assignment (i.e.
        two words, separated <literal>=</literal>). In the former case
        the kernel command line is searched for the word appearing as
        is, or as left hand side of an assignment. In the latter case,
        the exact assignment is looked for with right and left hand
        side matching.</para>

        <para><varname>ConditionSecurity=</varname> may be used to
        check whether the given security module is enabled on the
        system. Currently the recognized values values are
        <varname>selinux</varname>,
        <varname>apparmor</varname>,
        <varname>ima</varname>,
        <varname>smack</varname> and
        <varname>audit</varname>. The test may be negated by
        prepending an exclamation mark.</para>

        <para><varname>ConditionCapability=</varname> may be used to
        check whether the given capability exists in the capability
        bounding set of the service manager (i.e. this does not check
        whether capability is actually available in the permitted or
        effective sets, see
        <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>capabilities</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
        for details). Pass a capability name such as
        <literal>CAP_MKNOD</literal>, possibly prefixed with an
        exclamation mark to negate the check.</para>

        <para><varname>ConditionACPower=</varname> may be used to
        check whether the system has AC power, or is exclusively
        battery powered at the time of activation of the unit. This
        takes a boolean argument. If set to <varname>true</varname>,
        the condition will hold only if at least one AC connector of
        the system is connected to a power source, or if no AC
        connectors are known. Conversely, if set to
        <varname>false</varname>, the condition will hold only if
        there is at least one AC connector known and all AC connectors
        are disconnected from a power source.</para>

        <para><varname>ConditionNeedsUpdate=</varname> takes one of
        <filename>/var</filename> or <filename>/etc</filename> as
        argument, possibly prefixed with a <literal>!</literal> (for
        inverting the condition). This condition may be used to
        conditionalize units on whether the specified directory
        requires an update because <filename>/usr</filename>'s
        modification time is newer than the stamp file
        <filename>.updated</filename> in the specified directory. This
        is useful to implement offline updates of the vendor operating
        system resources in <filename>/usr</filename> that require
        updating of <filename>/etc</filename> or
        <filename>/var</filename> on the next following boot. Units
        making use of this condition should order themselves before
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-update-done.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
        to make sure they run before the stamp files's modification
        time gets reset indicating a completed update.</para>

        <para><varname>ConditionFirstBoot=</varname> takes a boolean
        argument. This condition may be used to conditionalize units
        on whether the system is booting up with an unpopulated
        <filename>/etc</filename> directory. This may be used to
        populate <filename>/etc</filename> on the first boot after
        factory reset, or when a new system instances boots up for the
        first time.</para>

        <para>With <varname>ConditionPathExists=</varname> a file
        existence condition is checked before a unit is started. If
        the specified absolute path name does not exist, the condition
        will fail. If the absolute path name passed to
        <varname>ConditionPathExists=</varname> is prefixed with an
        exclamation mark (<literal>!</literal>), the test is negated,
        and the unit is only started if the path does not
        exist.</para>

        <para><varname>ConditionPathExistsGlob=</varname> is similar
        to <varname>ConditionPathExists=</varname>, but checks for the
        existence of at least one file or directory matching the
        specified globbing pattern.</para>

        <para><varname>ConditionPathIsDirectory=</varname> is similar
        to <varname>ConditionPathExists=</varname> but verifies
        whether a certain path exists and is a directory.</para>

        <para><varname>ConditionPathIsSymbolicLink=</varname> is
        similar to <varname>ConditionPathExists=</varname> but
        verifies whether a certain path exists and is a symbolic
        link.</para>

        <para><varname>ConditionPathIsMountPoint=</varname> is similar
        to <varname>ConditionPathExists=</varname> but verifies
        whether a certain path exists and is a mount point.</para>

        <para><varname>ConditionPathIsReadWrite=</varname> is similar
        to <varname>ConditionPathExists=</varname> but verifies
        whether the underlying file system is readable and writable
        (i.e. not mounted read-only).</para>

        <para><varname>ConditionDirectoryNotEmpty=</varname> is
        similar to <varname>ConditionPathExists=</varname> but
        verifies whether a certain path exists and is a non-empty
        directory.</para>

        <para><varname>ConditionFileNotEmpty=</varname> is similar to
        <varname>ConditionPathExists=</varname> but verifies whether a
        certain path exists and refers to a regular file with a
        non-zero size.</para>

        <para><varname>ConditionFileIsExecutable=</varname> is similar
        to <varname>ConditionPathExists=</varname> but verifies
        whether a certain path exists, is a regular file and marked
        executable.</para>

        <para>If multiple conditions are specified, the unit will be
        executed if all of them apply (i.e. a logical AND is applied).
        Condition checks can be prefixed with a pipe symbol (|) in
        which case a condition becomes a triggering condition. If at
        least one triggering condition is defined for a unit, then the
        unit will be executed if at least one of the triggering
        conditions apply and all of the non-triggering conditions. If
        you prefix an argument with the pipe symbol and an exclamation
        mark, the pipe symbol must be passed first, the exclamation
        second. Except for
        <varname>ConditionPathIsSymbolicLink=</varname>, all path
        checks follow symlinks. If any of these options is assigned
        the empty string, the list of conditions is reset completely,
        all previous condition settings (of any kind) will have no
        effect.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>AssertArchitecture=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>AssertVirtualization=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>AssertHost=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>AssertKernelCommandLine=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>AssertSecurity=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>AssertCapability=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>AssertACPower=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>AssertNeedsUpdate=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>AssertFirstBoot=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>AssertPathExists=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>AssertPathExistsGlob=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>AssertPathIsDirectory=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>AssertPathIsSymbolicLink=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>AssertPathIsMountPoint=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>AssertPathIsReadWrite=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>AssertDirectoryNotEmpty=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>AssertFileNotEmpty=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>AssertFileIsExecutable=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Similar to the
        <varname>ConditionArchitecture=</varname>,
        <varname>ConditionVirtualization=</varname>, ... condition
        settings described above these settings add assertion checks
        to the start-up of the unit. However, unlike the conditions
        settings any assertion setting that is not met results in
        failure of the start job it was triggered
        by.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>SourcePath=</varname></term>
        <listitem><para>A path to a configuration file this unit has
        been generated from. This is primarily useful for
        implementation of generator tools that convert configuration
        from an external configuration file format into native unit
        files. This functionality should not be used in normal
        units.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>

  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>[Install] Section Options</title>

    <para>Unit file may include an <literal>[Install]</literal>
    section, which carries installation information for the unit. This
    section is not interpreted by
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
    during runtime. It is used exclusively by the
    <command>enable</command> and <command>disable</command> commands
    of the
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
    tool during installation of a unit:</para>

    <variablelist class='unit-directives'>
      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>Alias=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>A space-separated list of additional names
        this unit shall be installed under. The names listed here must
        have the same suffix (i.e. type) as the unit file name. This
        option may be specified more than once, in which case all
        listed names are used. At installation time,
        <command>systemctl enable</command> will create symlinks from
        these names to the unit filename.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>WantedBy=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>RequiredBy=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>This option may be used more than once, or a
        space-separated list of unit names may be given. A symbolic
        link is created in the <filename>.wants/</filename> or
        <filename>.requires/</filename> directory of each of the
        listed units when this unit is installed by <command>systemctl
        enable</command>. This has the effect that a dependency of
        type <varname>Wants=</varname> or <varname>Requires=</varname>
        is added from the listed unit to the current unit. The primary
        result is that the current unit will be started when the
        listed unit is started. See the description of
        <varname>Wants=</varname> and <varname>Requires=</varname> in
        the [Unit] section for details.</para>

        <para><command>WantedBy=foo.service</command> in a service
        <filename>bar.service</filename> is mostly equivalent to
        <command>Alias=foo.service.wants/bar.service</command> in the
        same file. In case of template units, <command>systemctl
        enable</command> must be called with an instance name, and
        this instance will be added to the
        <filename>.wants/</filename> or
        <filename>.requires/</filename> list of the listed unit. E.g.
        <command>WantedBy=getty.target</command> in a service
        <filename>getty@.service</filename> will result in
        <command>systemctl enable getty@tty2.service</command>
        creating a
        <filename>getty.target.wants/getty@tty2.service</filename>
        link to <filename>getty@.service</filename>.
        </para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>Also=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Additional units to install/deinstall when
        this unit is installed/deinstalled. If the user requests
        installation/deinstallation of a unit with this option
        configured, <command>systemctl enable</command> and
        <command>systemctl disable</command> will automatically
        install/uninstall units listed in this option as well.</para>

        <para>This option may be used more than once, or a
        space-separated list of unit names may be
        given.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>DefaultInstance=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>In template unit files, this specifies for
        which instance the unit shall be enabled if the template is
        enabled without any explicitly set instance. This option has
        no effect in non-template unit files. The specified string
        must be usable as instance identifier.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>

    <para>The following specifiers are interpreted in the Install
    section: %n, %N, %p, %i, %U, %u, %m, %H, %b, %v. For their meaning
    see the next section.
    </para>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>Specifiers</title>

    <para>Many settings resolve specifiers which may be used to write
    generic unit files referring to runtime or unit parameters that
    are replaced when the unit files are loaded. The following
    specifiers are understood:</para>

    <table>
      <title>Specifiers available in unit files</title>
      <tgroup cols='3' align='left' colsep='1' rowsep='1'>
        <colspec colname="spec" />
        <colspec colname="mean" />
        <colspec colname="detail" />
        <thead>
          <row>
      <entry>Specifier</entry>
      <entry>Meaning</entry>
      <entry>Details</entry>
          </row>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
          <row>
      <entry><literal>%n</literal></entry>
      <entry>Full unit name</entry>
      <entry></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
      <entry><literal>%N</literal></entry>
      <entry>Unescaped full unit name</entry>
      <entry>Same as <literal>%n</literal>, but with escaping undone</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
      <entry><literal>%p</literal></entry>
      <entry>Prefix name</entry>
      <entry>For instantiated units, this refers to the string before the <literal>@</literal> character of the unit name. For non-instantiated units, this refers to the name of the unit with the type suffix removed.</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
      <entry><literal>%P</literal></entry>
      <entry>Unescaped prefix name</entry>
      <entry>Same as <literal>%p</literal>, but with escaping undone</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
      <entry><literal>%i</literal></entry>
      <entry>Instance name</entry>
      <entry>For instantiated units: this is the string between the <literal>@</literal> character and the suffix of the unit name.</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
      <entry><literal>%I</literal></entry>
      <entry>Unescaped instance name</entry>
      <entry>Same as <literal>%i</literal>, but with escaping undone</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
      <entry><literal>%f</literal></entry>
      <entry>Unescaped filename</entry>
      <entry>This is either the unescaped instance name (if applicable) with <filename>/</filename> prepended (if applicable), or the prefix name prepended with <filename>/</filename>.</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
      <entry><literal>%c</literal></entry>
      <entry>Control group path of the unit</entry>
      <entry>This path does not include the <filename>/sys/fs/cgroup/systemd/</filename> prefix.</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
      <entry><literal>%r</literal></entry>
      <entry>Control group path of the slice the unit is placed in</entry>
      <entry>This usually maps to the parent cgroup path of <literal>%c</literal>.</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
      <entry><literal>%R</literal></entry>
      <entry>Root control group path below which slices and units are placed</entry>
      <entry>For system instances, this resolves to <filename>/</filename>, except in containers, where this maps to the container's root control group path.</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
      <entry><literal>%t</literal></entry>
      <entry>Runtime directory</entry>
      <entry>This is either <filename>/run</filename> (for the system manager) or the path <literal>$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR</literal> resolves to (for user managers).</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
      <entry><literal>%u</literal></entry>
      <entry>User name</entry>
      <entry>This is the name of the configured user of the unit, or (if none is set) the user running the systemd instance.</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
      <entry><literal>%U</literal></entry>
      <entry>User UID</entry>
      <entry>This is the numeric UID of the configured user of the unit, or (if none is set) the user running the systemd user instance. Note that this specifier is not available for units run by the systemd system instance (as opposed to those run by a systemd user instance), unless the user has been configured as a numeric UID in the first place or the configured user is the root user.</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
      <entry><literal>%h</literal></entry>
      <entry>User home directory</entry>
      <entry>This is the home directory of the configured user of the unit, or (if none is set) the user running the systemd user instance. Similar to <literal>%U</literal>, this specifier is not available for units run by the systemd system instance, unless the configured user is the root user.</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
      <entry><literal>%s</literal></entry>
      <entry>User shell</entry>
      <entry>This is the shell of the configured user of the unit, or (if none is set) the user running the systemd user instance. Similar to <literal>%U</literal>, this specifier is not available for units run by the systemd system instance, unless the configured user is the root user.</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
      <entry><literal>%m</literal></entry>
      <entry>Machine ID</entry>
      <entry>The machine ID of the running system, formatted as string. See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>machine-id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> for more information.</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
      <entry><literal>%b</literal></entry>
      <entry>Boot ID</entry>
      <entry>The boot ID of the running system, formatted as string. See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>random</refentrytitle><manvolnum>4</manvolnum></citerefentry> for more information.</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
      <entry><literal>%H</literal></entry>
      <entry>Host name</entry>
      <entry>The hostname of the running system at the point in time the unit configuation is loaded.</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
      <entry><literal>%v</literal></entry>
      <entry>Kernel release</entry>
      <entry>Identical to <command>uname -r</command> output</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
      <entry><literal>%%</literal></entry>
      <entry>Single percent sign</entry>
      <entry>Use <literal>%%</literal> in place of <literal>%</literal> to specify a single percent sign.</entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </table>

    <para>Please note that specifiers <literal>%U</literal>,
    <literal>%h</literal>, <literal>%s</literal> are mostly useless
    when systemd is running in system mode. PID 1 cannot query the
    user account database for information, so the specifiers only work
    as shortcuts for things which are already specified in a different
    way in the unit file. They are fully functional when systemd is
    running in <option>--user</option> mode.</para>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>Examples</title>

    <example>
      <title>Allowing units to be enabled</title>

      <para>The following snippet (highlighted) allows a unit (e.g.
      <filename>foo.service</filename>) to be enabled via
      <command>systemctl enable</command>:</para>

      <programlisting>[Unit]
Description=Foo

[Service]
ExecStart=/usr/sbin/foo-daemon

<emphasis>[Install]</emphasis>
<emphasis>WantedBy=multi-user.target</emphasis></programlisting>

      <para>After running <command>systemctl enable</command>, a
      symlink
      <filename>/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/foo.service</filename>
      linking to the actual unit will be created. It tells systemd to
      pull in the unit when starting
      <filename>multi-user.target</filename>. The inverse
      <command>systemctl disable</command> will remove that symlink
      again.</para>
    </example>

    <example>
      <title>Overriding vendor settings</title>

      <para>There are two methods of overriding vendor settings in
      unit files: copying the unit file from
      <filename>/usr/lib/systemd/system</filename> to
      <filename>/etc/systemd/system</filename> and modifying the
      chosen settings. Alternatively, one can create a directory named
      <filename><replaceable>unit</replaceable>.d/</filename> within
      <filename>/etc/systemd/system</filename> and place a drop-in
      file <filename><replaceable>name</replaceable>.conf</filename>
      there that only changes the specific settings one is interested
      in. Note that multiple such drop-in files are read if
      present.</para>

      <para>The advantage of the first method is that one easily
      overrides the complete unit, the vendor unit is not parsed at
      all anymore. It has the disadvantage that improvements to the
      unit file by the vendor are not automatically incorporated on
      updates.</para>

      <para>The advantage of the second method is that one only
      overrides the settings one specifically wants, where updates to
      the unit by the vendor automatically apply. This has the
      disadvantage that some future updates by the vendor might be
      incompatible with the local changes.</para>

      <para>Note that for drop-in files, if one wants to remove
      entries from a setting that is parsed as a list (and is not a
      dependency), such as <varname>ConditionPathExists=</varname> (or
      e.g. <varname>ExecStart=</varname> in service units), one needs
      to first clear the list before re-adding all entries except the
      one that is to be removed. See below for an example.</para>

      <para>This also applies for user instances of systemd, but with
      different locations for the unit files. See the section on unit
      load paths for further details.</para>

      <para>Suppose there is a vendor-supplied unit
      <filename>/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service</filename> with
      the following contents:</para>

      <programlisting>[Unit]
Description=Some HTTP server
After=remote-fs.target sqldb.service
Requires=sqldb.service
AssertPathExists=/srv/webserver

[Service]
Type=notify
ExecStart=/usr/sbin/some-fancy-httpd-server
Nice=5

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target</programlisting>

      <para>Now one wants to change some settings as an administrator:
      firstly, in the local setup, <filename>/srv/webserver</filename>
      might not exist, because the HTTP server is configured to use
      <filename>/srv/www</filename> instead. Secondly, the local
      configuration makes the HTTP server also depend on a memory
      cache service, <filename>memcached.service</filename>, that
      should be pulled in (<varname>Requires=</varname>) and also be
      ordered appropriately (<varname>After=</varname>). Thirdly, in
      order to harden the service a bit more, the administrator would
      like to set the <varname>PrivateTmp=</varname> setting (see
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
      for details). And lastly, the administrator would like to reset
      the niceness of the service to its default value of 0.</para>

      <para>The first possibility is to copy the unit file to
      <filename>/etc/systemd/system/httpd.service</filename> and
      change the chosen settings:</para>

      <programlisting>[Unit]
Description=Some HTTP server
After=remote-fs.target sqldb.service <emphasis>memcached.service</emphasis>
Requires=sqldb.service <emphasis>memcached.service</emphasis>
AssertPathExists=<emphasis>/srv/www</emphasis>

[Service]
Type=notify
ExecStart=/usr/sbin/some-fancy-httpd-server
<emphasis>Nice=0</emphasis>
<emphasis>PrivateTmp=yes</emphasis>

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target</programlisting>

      <para>Alternatively, the administrator could create a drop-in
      file
      <filename>/etc/systemd/system/httpd.service.d/local.conf</filename>
      with the following contents:</para>

      <programlisting>[Unit]
After=memcached.service
Requires=memcached.service
# Reset all assertions and then re-add the condition we want
AssertPathExists=
AssertPathExists=/srv/www

[Service]
Nice=0
PrivateTmp=yes</programlisting>

      <para>Note that dependencies (<varname>After=</varname>, etc.)
      cannot be reset to an empty list, so dependencies can only be
      added in drop-ins. If you want to remove dependencies, you have
      to override the entire unit.</para>
    </example>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>See Also</title>
    <para>
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.special</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.socket</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.device</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.automount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.swap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.target</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.path</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.timer</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.snapshot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.scope</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.slice</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.time</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-analyze</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>capabilities</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.directives</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>uname</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
    </para>
  </refsect1>

</refentry>