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| author | Thomas Preud'homme <robotux@debian.org> | 2018-02-23 23:39:54 +0000 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Thomas Preud'homme <robotux@debian.org> | 2018-02-23 23:39:54 +0000 |
| commit | 6ff03085ca236f6748959826728c986600fa66bd (patch) | |
| tree | fc30b3b3fe20cc005634818512dab3514acf8ef4 /tcc-doc.html | |
Import tcc_0.9.27.orig.tar.bz2
[dgit import orig tcc_0.9.27.orig.tar.bz2]
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| -rw-r--r-- | tcc-doc.html | 2489 |
1 files changed, 2489 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/tcc-doc.html b/tcc-doc.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c88d27a --- /dev/null +++ b/tcc-doc.html @@ -0,0 +1,2489 @@ +<HTML> +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> +<!-- Created on December, 17 2017 by texi2html 1.64 --> +<!-- +Written by: Lionel Cons <Lionel.Cons@cern.ch> (original author) + Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> + Olaf Bachmann <obachman@mathematik.uni-kl.de> + and many others. +Maintained by: Olaf Bachmann <obachman@mathematik.uni-kl.de> +Send bugs and suggestions to <texi2html@mathematik.uni-kl.de> + +--> +<HEAD> +<TITLE>Tiny C Compiler Reference Documentation: </TITLE> + +<META NAME="description" CONTENT="Tiny C Compiler Reference Documentation: "> +<META NAME="keywords" CONTENT="Tiny C Compiler Reference Documentation: "> +<META NAME="resource-type" CONTENT="document"> +<META NAME="distribution" CONTENT="global"> +<META NAME="Generator" CONTENT="texi2html 1.64"> + +</HEAD> + +<BODY LANG="" BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#000000" LINK="#0000FF" VLINK="#800080" ALINK="#FF0000"> + +<A NAME="SEC_Top"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H1>Tiny C Compiler Reference Documentation</H1></P><P> + +This manual documents version 0.9.27
of the Tiny C Compiler. +</P><P> + +<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC1">1. Introduction</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Introduction to tcc.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC2">2. Command line invocation</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Invocation of tcc (command line, options).</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC5">3. C language support</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">ANSI C and extensions.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC10">4. TinyCC Assembler</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Assembler syntax.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC16">5. TinyCC Linker</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Output file generation and supported targets.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC21">6. TinyCC Memory and Bound checks</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Automatic bounds-checking of C code.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC22">7. The <CODE>libtcc</CODE> library</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">The libtcc library.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC23">8. Developer's guide</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Guide for Developers.</TD></TR> +</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE> +<P> + +<HR SIZE=1> +<A NAME="SEC1"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC2"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ << ]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC2"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<A NAME="Introduction"></A> +<H1> 1. Introduction </H1> +<!--docid::SEC1::--> +<P> + +TinyCC (aka TCC) is a small but hyper fast C compiler. Unlike other C +compilers, it is meant to be self-relying: you do not need an +external assembler or linker because TCC does that for you. +</P><P> + +TCC compiles so <EM>fast</EM> that even for big projects <CODE>Makefile</CODE>s may +not be necessary. +</P><P> + +TCC not only supports ANSI C, but also most of the new ISO C99 +standard and many GNUC extensions including inline assembly. +</P><P> + +TCC can also be used to make <EM>C scripts</EM>, i.e. pieces of C source +that you run as a Perl or Python script. Compilation is so fast that +your script will be as fast as if it was an executable. +</P><P> + +TCC can also automatically generate memory and bound checks +(see section <A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC21">6. TinyCC Memory and Bound checks</A>) while allowing all C pointers operations. TCC can do +these checks even if non patched libraries are used. +</P><P> + +With <CODE>libtcc</CODE>, you can use TCC as a backend for dynamic code +generation (see section <A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC22">7. The <CODE>libtcc</CODE> library</A>). +</P><P> + +TCC mainly supports the i386 target on Linux and Windows. There are alpha +ports for the ARM (<CODE>arm-tcc</CODE>) and the TMS320C67xx targets +(<CODE>c67-tcc</CODE>). More information about the ARM port is available at +<A HREF="http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/tinycc-devel/2003-10/msg00044.html">http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/tinycc-devel/2003-10/msg00044.html</A>. +</P><P> + +For usage on Windows, see also <A HREF="tcc-win32.txt">tcc-win32.txt</A>. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Invoke"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC2"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC1"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC3"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC5"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC5"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H1> 2. Command line invocation </H1> +<!--docid::SEC2::--> +<P> + +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC3"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC2"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC4"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC2"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC2"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC5"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 2.1 Quick start </H2> +<!--docid::SEC3::--> +<P> + +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>usage: tcc [options] [<VAR>infile1</VAR> <VAR>infile2</VAR><small>...</small>] [<SAMP>`-run'</SAMP> <VAR>infile</VAR> <VAR>args</VAR><small>...</small>] +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +TCC options are a very much like gcc options. The main difference is that TCC +can also execute directly the resulting program and give it runtime +arguments. +</P><P> + +Here are some examples to understand the logic: +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><CODE><SAMP>`tcc -run a.c'</SAMP></CODE> +<DD>Compile <TT>`a.c'</TT> and execute it directly +<P> + +<DT><CODE><SAMP>`tcc -run a.c arg1'</SAMP></CODE> +<DD>Compile a.c and execute it directly. arg1 is given as first argument to +the <CODE>main()</CODE> of a.c. +<P> + +<DT><CODE><SAMP>`tcc a.c -run b.c arg1'</SAMP></CODE> +<DD>Compile <TT>`a.c'</TT> and <TT>`b.c'</TT>, link them together and execute them. arg1 is given +as first argument to the <CODE>main()</CODE> of the resulting program. +<P> + +<DT><CODE><SAMP>`tcc -o myprog a.c b.c'</SAMP></CODE> +<DD>Compile <TT>`a.c'</TT> and <TT>`b.c'</TT>, link them and generate the executable <TT>`myprog'</TT>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE><SAMP>`tcc -o myprog a.o b.o'</SAMP></CODE> +<DD>link <TT>`a.o'</TT> and <TT>`b.o'</TT> together and generate the executable <TT>`myprog'</TT>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE><SAMP>`tcc -c a.c'</SAMP></CODE> +<DD>Compile <TT>`a.c'</TT> and generate object file <TT>`a.o'</TT>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE><SAMP>`tcc -c asmfile.S'</SAMP></CODE> +<DD>Preprocess with C preprocess and assemble <TT>`asmfile.S'</TT> and generate +object file <TT>`asmfile.o'</TT>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE><SAMP>`tcc -c asmfile.s'</SAMP></CODE> +<DD>Assemble (but not preprocess) <TT>`asmfile.s'</TT> and generate object file +<TT>`asmfile.o'</TT>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE><SAMP>`tcc -r -o ab.o a.c b.c'</SAMP></CODE> +<DD>Compile <TT>`a.c'</TT> and <TT>`b.c'</TT>, link them together and generate the object file <TT>`ab.o'</TT>. +<P> + +</DL> +<P> + +Scripting: +</P><P> + +TCC can be invoked from <EM>scripts</EM>, just as shell scripts. You just +need to add <CODE>#!/usr/local/bin/tcc -run</CODE> at the start of your C source: +</P><P> + +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>#!/usr/local/bin/tcc -run +#include <stdio.h> + +int main() +{ + printf("Hello World\n"); + return 0; +} +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +TCC can read C source code from <EM>standard input</EM> when <SAMP>`-'</SAMP> is used in +place of <SAMP>`infile'</SAMP>. Example: +</P><P> + +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>echo 'main(){puts("hello");}' | tcc -run - +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC4"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC3"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC5"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC2"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC2"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC5"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 2.2 Option summary </H2> +<!--docid::SEC4::--> +<P> + +General Options: +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><SAMP>`-c'</SAMP> +<DD>Generate an object file. +<P> + +<DT><SAMP>`-o outfile'</SAMP> +<DD>Put object file, executable, or dll into output file <TT>`outfile'</TT>. +<P> + +<DT><SAMP>`-run source [args...]'</SAMP> +<DD>Compile file <VAR>source</VAR> and run it with the command line arguments +<VAR>args</VAR>. In order to be able to give more than one argument to a +script, several TCC options can be given <EM>after</EM> the +<SAMP>`-run'</SAMP> option, separated by spaces: +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>tcc "-run -L/usr/X11R6/lib -lX11" ex4.c +</pre></td></tr></table>In a script, it gives the following header: +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>#!/usr/local/bin/tcc -run -L/usr/X11R6/lib -lX11 +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +<DT><SAMP>`-v'</SAMP> +<DD>Display TCC version. +<P> + +<DT><SAMP>`-vv'</SAMP> +<DD>Show included files. As sole argument, print search dirs. -vvv shows tries too. +<P> + +<DT><SAMP>`-bench'</SAMP> +<DD>Display compilation statistics. +<P> + +</DL> +<P> + +Preprocessor options: +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><SAMP>`-Idir'</SAMP> +<DD>Specify an additional include path. Include paths are searched in the +order they are specified. +<P> + +System include paths are always searched after. The default system +include paths are: <TT>`/usr/local/include'</TT>, <TT>`/usr/include'</TT> +and <TT>`PREFIX/lib/tcc/include'</TT>. (<TT>`PREFIX'</TT> is usually +<TT>`/usr'</TT> or <TT>`/usr/local'</TT>). +</P><P> + +<DT><SAMP>`-Dsym[=val]'</SAMP> +<DD>Define preprocessor symbol <SAMP>`sym'</SAMP> to +val. If val is not present, its value is <SAMP>`1'</SAMP>. Function-like macros can +also be defined: <SAMP>`-DF(a)=a+1'</SAMP> +<P> + +<DT><SAMP>`-Usym'</SAMP> +<DD>Undefine preprocessor symbol <SAMP>`sym'</SAMP>. +<P> + +<DT><SAMP>`-E'</SAMP> +<DD>Preprocess only, to stdout or file (with -o). +<P> + +</DL> +<P> + +Compilation flags: +</P><P> + +Note: each of the following options has a negative form beginning with +<SAMP>`-fno-'</SAMP>. +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><SAMP>`-funsigned-char'</SAMP> +<DD>Let the <CODE>char</CODE> type be unsigned. +<P> + +<DT><SAMP>`-fsigned-char'</SAMP> +<DD>Let the <CODE>char</CODE> type be signed. +<P> + +<DT><SAMP>`-fno-common'</SAMP> +<DD>Do not generate common symbols for uninitialized data. +<P> + +<DT><SAMP>`-fleading-underscore'</SAMP> +<DD>Add a leading underscore at the beginning of each C symbol. +<P> + +<DT><SAMP>`-fms-extensions'</SAMP> +<DD>Allow a MS C compiler extensions to the language. Currently this +assumes a nested named structure declaration without an identifier +behaves like an unnamed one. +<P> + +<DT><SAMP>`-fdollars-in-identifiers'</SAMP> +<DD>Allow dollar signs in identifiers +<P> + +</DL> +<P> + +Warning options: +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><SAMP>`-w'</SAMP> +<DD>Disable all warnings. +<P> + +</DL> +<P> + +Note: each of the following warning options has a negative form beginning with +<SAMP>`-Wno-'</SAMP>. +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><SAMP>`-Wimplicit-function-declaration'</SAMP> +<DD>Warn about implicit function declaration. +<P> + +<DT><SAMP>`-Wunsupported'</SAMP> +<DD>Warn about unsupported GCC features that are ignored by TCC. +<P> + +<DT><SAMP>`-Wwrite-strings'</SAMP> +<DD>Make string constants be of type <CODE>const char *</CODE> instead of <CODE>char +*</CODE>. +<P> + +<DT><SAMP>`-Werror'</SAMP> +<DD>Abort compilation if warnings are issued. +<P> + +<DT><SAMP>`-Wall'</SAMP> +<DD>Activate all warnings, except <SAMP>`-Werror'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`-Wunusupported'</SAMP> and +<SAMP>`-Wwrite-strings'</SAMP>. +<P> + +</DL> +<P> + +Linker options: +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><SAMP>`-Ldir'</SAMP> +<DD>Specify an additional static library path for the <SAMP>`-l'</SAMP> option. The +default library paths are <TT>`/usr/local/lib'</TT>, <TT>`/usr/lib'</TT> and <TT>`/lib'</TT>. +<P> + +<DT><SAMP>`-lxxx'</SAMP> +<DD>Link your program with dynamic library libxxx.so or static library +libxxx.a. The library is searched in the paths specified by the +<SAMP>`-L'</SAMP> option and <CODE>LIBRARY_PATH</CODE> variable. +<P> + +<DT><SAMP>`-Bdir'</SAMP> +<DD>Set the path where the tcc internal libraries (and include files) can be +found (default is <TT>`PREFIX/lib/tcc'</TT>). +<P> + +<DT><SAMP>`-shared'</SAMP> +<DD>Generate a shared library instead of an executable. +<P> + +<DT><SAMP>`-soname name'</SAMP> +<DD>set name for shared library to be used at runtime +<P> + +<DT><SAMP>`-static'</SAMP> +<DD>Generate a statically linked executable (default is a shared linked +executable). +<P> + +<DT><SAMP>`-rdynamic'</SAMP> +<DD>Export global symbols to the dynamic linker. It is useful when a library +opened with <CODE>dlopen()</CODE> needs to access executable symbols. +<P> + +<DT><SAMP>`-r'</SAMP> +<DD>Generate an object file combining all input files. +<P> + +<DT><SAMP>`-Wl,-rpath=path'</SAMP> +<DD>Put custom search path for dynamic libraries into executable. +<P> + +<DT><SAMP>`-Wl,--enable-new-dtags'</SAMP> +<DD>When putting a custom search path for dynamic libraries into the executable, +create the new ELF dynamic tag DT_RUNPATH instead of the old legacy DT_RPATH. +<P> + +<DT><SAMP>`-Wl,--oformat=fmt'</SAMP> +<DD>Use <VAR>fmt</VAR> as output format. The supported output formats are: +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><CODE>elf32-i386</CODE> +<DD>ELF output format (default) +<DT><CODE>binary</CODE> +<DD>Binary image (only for executable output) +<DT><CODE>coff</CODE> +<DD>COFF output format (only for executable output for TMS320C67xx target) +</DL> +<P> + +<DT><SAMP>`-Wl,-subsystem=console/gui/wince/...'</SAMP> +<DD>Set type for PE (Windows) executables. +<P> + +<DT><SAMP>`-Wl,-[Ttext=# | section-alignment=# | file-alignment=# | image-base=# | stack=#]'</SAMP> +<DD>Modify executable layout. +<P> + +<DT><SAMP>`-Wl,-Bsymbolic'</SAMP> +<DD>Set DT_SYMBOLIC tag. +<P> + +<DT><SAMP>`-Wl,-(no-)whole-archive'</SAMP> +<DD>Turn on/off linking of all objects in archives. +<P> + +</DL> +<P> + +Debugger options: +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><SAMP>`-g'</SAMP> +<DD>Generate run time debug information so that you get clear run time +error messages: <CODE> test.c:68: in function 'test5()': dereferencing +invalid pointer</CODE> instead of the laconic <CODE>Segmentation +fault</CODE>. +<P> + +<DT><SAMP>`-b'</SAMP> +<DD>Generate additional support code to check +memory allocations and array/pointer bounds. <SAMP>`-g'</SAMP> is implied. Note +that the generated code is slower and bigger in this case. +<P> + +Note: <SAMP>`-b'</SAMP> is only available on i386 when using libtcc for the moment. +</P><P> + +<DT><SAMP>`-bt N'</SAMP> +<DD>Display N callers in stack traces. This is useful with <SAMP>`-g'</SAMP> or +<SAMP>`-b'</SAMP>. +<P> + +</DL> +<P> + +Misc options: +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><SAMP>`-MD'</SAMP> +<DD>Generate makefile fragment with dependencies. +<P> + +<DT><SAMP>`-MF depfile'</SAMP> +<DD>Use <TT>`depfile'</TT> as output for -MD. +<P> + +<DT><SAMP>`-print-search-dirs'</SAMP> +<DD>Print the configured installation directory and a list of library +and include directories tcc will search. +<P> + +<DT><SAMP>`-dumpversion'</SAMP> +<DD>Print version. +<P> + +</DL> +<P> + +Target specific options: +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><SAMP>`-mms-bitfields'</SAMP> +<DD>Use an algorithm for bitfield alignment consistent with MSVC. Default is +gcc's algorithm. +<P> + +<DT><SAMP>`-mfloat-abi (ARM only)'</SAMP> +<DD>Select the float ABI. Possible values: <CODE>softfp</CODE> and <CODE>hard</CODE> +<P> + +<DT><SAMP>`-mno-sse'</SAMP> +<DD>Do not use sse registers on x86_64 +<P> + +<DT><SAMP>`-m32, -m64'</SAMP> +<DD>Pass command line to the i386/x86_64 cross compiler. +<P> + +</DL> +<P> + +Note: GCC options <SAMP>`-Ox'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`-fx'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`-mx'</SAMP> are +ignored. +</P><P> + +Environment variables that affect how tcc operates. +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> + +<DT><SAMP>`CPATH'</SAMP> +<DD><DT><SAMP>`C_INCLUDE_PATH'</SAMP> +<DD>A colon-separated list of directories searched for include files, +directories given with <SAMP>`-I'</SAMP> are searched first. +<P> + +<DT><SAMP>`LIBRARY_PATH'</SAMP> +<DD>A colon-separated list of directories searched for libraries for the +<SAMP>`-l'</SAMP> option, directories given with <SAMP>`-L'</SAMP> are searched first. +<P> + +</DL> +<P> + +<A NAME="Clang"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC5"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC4"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC6"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC10"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC10"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H1> 3. C language support </H1> +<!--docid::SEC5::--> +<P> + +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC6"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC5"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC7"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC5"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC5"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC10"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 3.1 ANSI C </H2> +<!--docid::SEC6::--> +<P> + +TCC implements all the ANSI C standard, including structure bit fields +and floating point numbers (<CODE>long double</CODE>, <CODE>double</CODE>, and +<CODE>float</CODE> fully supported). +</P><P> + +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC7"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC6"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC8"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC8"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC5"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC10"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 3.2 ISOC99 extensions </H2> +<!--docid::SEC7::--> +<P> + +TCC implements many features of the new C standard: ISO C99. Currently +missing items are: complex and imaginary numbers. +</P><P> + +Currently implemented ISOC99 features: +</P><P> + +<UL> + +<LI>variable length arrays. +<P> + +<LI>64 bit <CODE>long long</CODE> types are fully supported. +<P> + +<LI>The boolean type <CODE>_Bool</CODE> is supported. +<P> + +<LI><CODE>__func__</CODE> is a string variable containing the current +function name. +<P> + +<LI>Variadic macros: <CODE>__VA_ARGS__</CODE> can be used for + function-like macros: +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre> #define dprintf(level, __VA_ARGS__) printf(__VA_ARGS__) +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +<CODE>dprintf</CODE> can then be used with a variable number of parameters. +</P><P> + +<LI>Declarations can appear anywhere in a block (as in C++). +<P> + +<LI>Array and struct/union elements can be initialized in any order by + using designators: +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre> struct { int x, y; } st[10] = { [0].x = 1, [0].y = 2 }; + + int tab[10] = { 1, 2, [5] = 5, [9] = 9}; +</pre></td></tr></table> +<LI>Compound initializers are supported: +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre> int *p = (int []){ 1, 2, 3 }; +</pre></td></tr></table>to initialize a pointer pointing to an initialized array. The same +works for structures and strings. +<P> + +<LI>Hexadecimal floating point constants are supported: +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre> double d = 0x1234p10; +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +is the same as writing +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre> double d = 4771840.0; +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +<LI><CODE>inline</CODE> keyword is ignored. +<P> + +<LI><CODE>restrict</CODE> keyword is ignored. +</UL> +<P> + +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC8"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC7"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC9"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC9"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC5"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC10"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 3.3 GNU C extensions </H2> +<!--docid::SEC8::--> +<P> + +TCC implements some GNU C extensions: +</P><P> + +<UL> + +<LI>array designators can be used without '=': +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre> int a[10] = { [0] 1, [5] 2, 3, 4 }; +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +<LI>Structure field designators can be a label: +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre> struct { int x, y; } st = { x: 1, y: 1}; +</pre></td></tr></table>instead of +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre> struct { int x, y; } st = { .x = 1, .y = 1}; +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +<LI><CODE>\e</CODE> is ASCII character 27. +<P> + +<LI>case ranges : ranges can be used in <CODE>case</CODE>s: +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre> switch(a) { + case 1 <small>...</small> 9: + printf("range 1 to 9\n"); + break; + default: + printf("unexpected\n"); + break; + } +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +<A NAME="IDX1"></A> +<A NAME="IDX2"></A> +<A NAME="IDX3"></A> +<A NAME="IDX4"></A> +<A NAME="IDX5"></A> +<A NAME="IDX6"></A> +<A NAME="IDX7"></A> +<A NAME="IDX8"></A> +</P><P> + +<LI>The keyword <CODE>__attribute__</CODE> is handled to specify variable or +function attributes. The following attributes are supported: +<UL> + +<LI><CODE>aligned(n)</CODE>: align a variable or a structure field to n bytes +(must be a power of two). +<P> + +<LI><CODE>packed</CODE>: force alignment of a variable or a structure field to + 1. +<P> + +<LI><CODE>section(name)</CODE>: generate function or data in assembly section +name (name is a string containing the section name) instead of the default +section. +<P> + +<LI><CODE>unused</CODE>: specify that the variable or the function is unused. +<P> + +<LI><CODE>cdecl</CODE>: use standard C calling convention (default). +<P> + +<LI><CODE>stdcall</CODE>: use Pascal-like calling convention. +<P> + +<LI><CODE>regparm(n)</CODE>: use fast i386 calling convention. <VAR>n</VAR> must be +between 1 and 3. The first <VAR>n</VAR> function parameters are respectively put in +registers <CODE>%eax</CODE>, <CODE>%edx</CODE> and <CODE>%ecx</CODE>. +<P> + +<LI><CODE>dllexport</CODE>: export function from dll/executable (win32 only) +<P> + +</UL> +<P> + +Here are some examples: +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre> int a __attribute__ ((aligned(8), section(".mysection"))); +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +align variable <CODE>a</CODE> to 8 bytes and put it in section <CODE>.mysection</CODE>. +</P><P> + +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre> int my_add(int a, int b) __attribute__ ((section(".mycodesection"))) + { + return a + b; + } +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +generate function <CODE>my_add</CODE> in section <CODE>.mycodesection</CODE>. +</P><P> + +<LI>GNU style variadic macros: +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre> #define dprintf(fmt, args<small>...</small>) printf(fmt, ## args) + + dprintf("no arg\n"); + dprintf("one arg %d\n", 1); +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +<LI><CODE>__FUNCTION__</CODE> is interpreted as C99 <CODE>__func__</CODE> +(so it has not exactly the same semantics as string literal GNUC +where it is a string literal). +<P> + +<LI>The <CODE>__alignof__</CODE> keyword can be used as <CODE>sizeof</CODE> +to get the alignment of a type or an expression. +<P> + +<LI>The <CODE>typeof(x)</CODE> returns the type of <CODE>x</CODE>. +<CODE>x</CODE> is an expression or a type. +<P> + +<LI>Computed gotos: <CODE>&&label</CODE> returns a pointer of type +<CODE>void *</CODE> on the goto label <CODE>label</CODE>. <CODE>goto *expr</CODE> can be +used to jump on the pointer resulting from <CODE>expr</CODE>. +<P> + +<LI>Inline assembly with asm instruction: +<A NAME="IDX9"></A> +<A NAME="IDX10"></A> +<A NAME="IDX11"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>static inline void * my_memcpy(void * to, const void * from, size_t n) +{ +int d0, d1, d2; +__asm__ __volatile__( + "rep ; movsl\n\t" + "testb $2,%b4\n\t" + "je 1f\n\t" + "movsw\n" + "1:\ttestb $1,%b4\n\t" + "je 2f\n\t" + "movsb\n" + "2:" + : "=&c" (d0), "=&D" (d1), "=&S" (d2) + :"0" (n/4), "q" (n),"1" ((long) to),"2" ((long) from) + : "memory"); +return (to); +} +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +<A NAME="IDX12"></A> +TCC includes its own x86 inline assembler with a <CODE>gas</CODE>-like (GNU +assembler) syntax. No intermediate files are generated. GCC 3.x named +operands are supported. +</P><P> + +<LI><CODE>__builtin_types_compatible_p()</CODE> and <CODE>__builtin_constant_p()</CODE> +are supported. +<P> + +<LI><CODE>#pragma pack</CODE> is supported for win32 compatibility. +<P> + +</UL> +<P> + +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC9"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC8"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC10"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC5"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC5"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC10"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 3.4 TinyCC extensions </H2> +<!--docid::SEC9::--> +<P> + +<UL> + +<LI><CODE>__TINYC__</CODE> is a predefined macro to indicate that you use TCC. +<P> + +<LI><CODE>#!</CODE> at the start of a line is ignored to allow scripting. +<P> + +<LI>Binary digits can be entered (<CODE>0b101</CODE> instead of +<CODE>5</CODE>). +<P> + +<LI><CODE>__BOUNDS_CHECKING_ON</CODE> is defined if bound checking is activated. +<P> + +</UL> +<P> + +<A NAME="asm"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC10"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC9"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC11"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC16"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC16"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H1> 4. TinyCC Assembler </H1> +<!--docid::SEC10::--> +<P> + +Since version 0.9.16, TinyCC integrates its own assembler. TinyCC +assembler supports a gas-like syntax (GNU assembler). You can +deactivate assembler support if you want a smaller TinyCC executable +(the C compiler does not rely on the assembler). +</P><P> + +TinyCC Assembler is used to handle files with <TT>`.S'</TT> (C +preprocessed assembler) and <TT>`.s'</TT> extensions. It is also used to +handle the GNU inline assembler with the <CODE>asm</CODE> keyword. +</P><P> + +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC11"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC10"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC12"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC10"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC10"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC16"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 4.1 Syntax </H2> +<!--docid::SEC11::--> +<P> + +TinyCC Assembler supports most of the gas syntax. The tokens are the +same as C. +</P><P> + +<UL> + +<LI>C and C++ comments are supported. +<P> + +<LI>Identifiers are the same as C, so you cannot use '.' or '$'. +<P> + +<LI>Only 32 bit integer numbers are supported. +<P> + +</UL> +<P> + +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC12"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC11"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC13"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC13"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC10"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC16"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 4.2 Expressions </H2> +<!--docid::SEC12::--> +<P> + +<UL> + +<LI>Integers in decimal, octal and hexa are supported. +<P> + +<LI>Unary operators: +, -, ~. +<P> + +<LI>Binary operators in decreasing priority order: +<P> + +<OL> +<LI>*, /, % +<LI>&, |, ^ +<LI>+, - +</OL> +<P> + +<LI>A value is either an absolute number or a label plus an offset. +All operators accept absolute values except '+' and '-'. '+' or '-' can be +used to add an offset to a label. '-' supports two labels only if they +are the same or if they are both defined and in the same section. +<P> + +</UL> +<P> + +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC13"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC12"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC10"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC16"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 4.3 Labels </H2> +<!--docid::SEC13::--> +<P> + +<UL> + +<LI>All labels are considered as local, except undefined ones. +<P> + +<LI>Numeric labels can be used as local <CODE>gas</CODE>-like labels. +They can be defined several times in the same source. Use 'b' +(backward) or 'f' (forward) as suffix to reference them: +<P> + +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre> 1: + jmp 1b /* jump to '1' label before */ + jmp 1f /* jump to '1' label after */ + 1: +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +</UL> +<P> + +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC14"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC13"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC15"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC15"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC10"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC16"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 4.4 Directives </H2> +<!--docid::SEC14::--> +<P> + +All directives are preceded by a '.'. The following directives are +supported: +</P><P> + +<UL> +<LI>.align n[,value] +<LI>.skip n[,value] +<LI>.space n[,value] +<LI>.byte value1[,...] +<LI>.word value1[,...] +<LI>.short value1[,...] +<LI>.int value1[,...] +<LI>.long value1[,...] +<LI>.quad immediate_value1[,...] +<LI>.globl symbol +<LI>.global symbol +<LI>.section section +<LI>.text +<LI>.data +<LI>.bss +<LI>.fill repeat[,size[,value]] +<LI>.org n +<LI>.previous +<LI>.string string[,...] +<LI>.asciz string[,...] +<LI>.ascii string[,...] +</UL> +<P> + +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC15"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC16"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC10"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC10"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC16"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 4.5 X86 Assembler </H2> +<!--docid::SEC15::--> +<P> + +All X86 opcodes are supported. Only ATT syntax is supported (source +then destination operand order). If no size suffix is given, TinyCC +tries to guess it from the operand sizes. +</P><P> + +Currently, MMX opcodes are supported but not SSE ones. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="linker"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC16"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC15"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC17"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC21"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC21"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H1> 5. TinyCC Linker </H1> +<!--docid::SEC16::--> +<P> + +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC17"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC16"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC18"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC16"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC16"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC21"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 5.1 ELF file generation </H2> +<!--docid::SEC17::--> +<P> + +TCC can directly output relocatable ELF files (object files), +executable ELF files and dynamic ELF libraries without relying on an +external linker. +</P><P> + +Dynamic ELF libraries can be output but the C compiler does not generate +position independent code (PIC). It means that the dynamic library +code generated by TCC cannot be factorized among processes yet. +</P><P> + +TCC linker eliminates unreferenced object code in libraries. A single pass is +done on the object and library list, so the order in which object files and +libraries are specified is important (same constraint as GNU ld). No grouping +options (<SAMP>`--start-group'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`--end-group'</SAMP>) are supported. +</P><P> + +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC18"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC17"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC19"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC19"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC16"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC21"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 5.2 ELF file loader </H2> +<!--docid::SEC18::--> +<P> + +TCC can load ELF object files, archives (.a files) and dynamic +libraries (.so). +</P><P> + +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC19"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC18"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC20"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC20"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC16"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC21"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 5.3 PE-i386 file generation </H2> +<!--docid::SEC19::--> +<P> + +TCC for Windows supports the native Win32 executable file format (PE-i386). It +generates EXE files (console and gui) and DLL files. +</P><P> + +For usage on Windows, see also tcc-win32.txt. +</P><P> + +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC20"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC19"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC21"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC16"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC16"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC21"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 5.4 GNU Linker Scripts </H2> +<!--docid::SEC20::--> +<P> + +Because on many Linux systems some dynamic libraries (such as +<TT>`/usr/lib/libc.so'</TT>) are in fact GNU ld link scripts (horrible!), +the TCC linker also supports a subset of GNU ld scripts. +</P><P> + +The <CODE>GROUP</CODE> and <CODE>FILE</CODE> commands are supported. <CODE>OUTPUT_FORMAT</CODE> +and <CODE>TARGET</CODE> are ignored. +</P><P> + +Example from <TT>`/usr/lib/libc.so'</TT>: +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>/* GNU ld script + Use the shared library, but some functions are only in + the static library, so try that secondarily. */ +GROUP ( /lib/libc.so.6 /usr/lib/libc_nonshared.a ) +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +<A NAME="Bounds"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC21"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC20"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC22"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC22"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC22"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H1> 6. TinyCC Memory and Bound checks </H1> +<!--docid::SEC21::--> +<P> + +This feature is activated with the <SAMP>`-b'</SAMP> (see section <A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC2">2. Command line invocation</A>). +</P><P> + +Note that pointer size is <EM>unchanged</EM> and that code generated +with bound checks is <EM>fully compatible</EM> with unchecked +code. When a pointer comes from unchecked code, it is assumed to be +valid. Even very obscure C code with casts should work correctly. +</P><P> + +For more information about the ideas behind this method, see +<A HREF="http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~phjk/BoundsChecking.html">http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~phjk/BoundsChecking.html</A>. +</P><P> + +Here are some examples of caught errors: +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> + +<DT>Invalid range with standard string function: +<DD><TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>{ + char tab[10]; + memset(tab, 0, 11); +} +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +<DT>Out of bounds-error in global or local arrays: +<DD><TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>{ + int tab[10]; + for(i=0;i<11;i++) { + sum += tab[i]; + } +} +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +<DT>Out of bounds-error in malloc'ed data: +<DD><TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>{ + int *tab; + tab = malloc(20 * sizeof(int)); + for(i=0;i<21;i++) { + sum += tab4[i]; + } + free(tab); +} +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +<DT>Access of freed memory: +<DD><TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>{ + int *tab; + tab = malloc(20 * sizeof(int)); + free(tab); + for(i=0;i<20;i++) { + sum += tab4[i]; + } +} +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +<DT>Double free: +<DD><TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>{ + int *tab; + tab = malloc(20 * sizeof(int)); + free(tab); + free(tab); +} +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +</DL> +<P> + +<A NAME="Libtcc"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC22"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC21"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC23"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC23"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC23"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H1> 7. The <CODE>libtcc</CODE> library </H1> +<!--docid::SEC22::--> +<P> + +The <CODE>libtcc</CODE> library enables you to use TCC as a backend for +dynamic code generation. +</P><P> + +Read the <TT>`libtcc.h'</TT> to have an overview of the API. Read +<TT>`libtcc_test.c'</TT> to have a very simple example. +</P><P> + +The idea consists in giving a C string containing the program you want +to compile directly to <CODE>libtcc</CODE>. Then you can access to any global +symbol (function or variable) defined. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="devel"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC23"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC22"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC24"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ << ]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ >> ]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H1> 8. Developer's guide </H1> +<!--docid::SEC23::--> +<P> + +This chapter gives some hints to understand how TCC works. You can skip +it if you do not intend to modify the TCC code. +</P><P> + +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC24"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC23"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC25"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ << ]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC23"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ >> ]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 8.1 File reading </H2> +<!--docid::SEC24::--> +<P> + +The <CODE>BufferedFile</CODE> structure contains the context needed to read a +file, including the current line number. <CODE>tcc_open()</CODE> opens a new +file and <CODE>tcc_close()</CODE> closes it. <CODE>inp()</CODE> returns the next +character. +</P><P> + +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC25"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC24"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC26"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC26"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC23"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ >> ]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 8.2 Lexer </H2> +<!--docid::SEC25::--> +<P> + +<CODE>next()</CODE> reads the next token in the current +file. <CODE>next_nomacro()</CODE> reads the next token without macro +expansion. +</P><P> + +<CODE>tok</CODE> contains the current token (see <CODE>TOK_xxx</CODE>) +constants. Identifiers and keywords are also keywords. <CODE>tokc</CODE> +contains additional infos about the token (for example a constant value +if number or string token). +</P><P> + +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC26"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC25"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC27"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC27"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC23"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ >> ]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 8.3 Parser </H2> +<!--docid::SEC26::--> +<P> + +The parser is hardcoded (yacc is not necessary). It does only one pass, +except: +</P><P> + +<UL> + +<LI>For initialized arrays with unknown size, a first pass +is done to count the number of elements. +<P> + +<LI>For architectures where arguments are evaluated in +reverse order, a first pass is done to reverse the argument order. +<P> + +</UL> +<P> + +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC27"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC26"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC28"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC28"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC23"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ >> ]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 8.4 Types </H2> +<!--docid::SEC27::--> +<P> + +The types are stored in a single 'int' variable. It was chosen in the +first stages of development when tcc was much simpler. Now, it may not +be the best solution. +</P><P> + +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>#define VT_INT 0 /* integer type */ +#define VT_BYTE 1 /* signed byte type */ +#define VT_SHORT 2 /* short type */ +#define VT_VOID 3 /* void type */ +#define VT_PTR 4 /* pointer */ +#define VT_ENUM 5 /* enum definition */ +#define VT_FUNC 6 /* function type */ +#define VT_STRUCT 7 /* struct/union definition */ +#define VT_FLOAT 8 /* IEEE float */ +#define VT_DOUBLE 9 /* IEEE double */ +#define VT_LDOUBLE 10 /* IEEE long double */ +#define VT_BOOL 11 /* ISOC99 boolean type */ +#define VT_LLONG 12 /* 64 bit integer */ +#define VT_LONG 13 /* long integer (NEVER USED as type, only + during parsing) */ +#define VT_BTYPE 0x000f /* mask for basic type */ +#define VT_UNSIGNED 0x0010 /* unsigned type */ +#define VT_ARRAY 0x0020 /* array type (also has VT_PTR) */ +#define VT_VLA 0x20000 /* VLA type (also has VT_PTR and VT_ARRAY) */ +#define VT_BITFIELD 0x0040 /* bitfield modifier */ +#define VT_CONSTANT 0x0800 /* const modifier */ +#define VT_VOLATILE 0x1000 /* volatile modifier */ +#define VT_DEFSIGN 0x2000 /* signed type */ + +#define VT_STRUCT_SHIFT 18 /* structure/enum name shift (14 bits left) */ +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +When a reference to another type is needed (for pointers, functions and +structures), the <CODE>32 - VT_STRUCT_SHIFT</CODE> high order bits are used to +store an identifier reference. +</P><P> + +The <CODE>VT_UNSIGNED</CODE> flag can be set for chars, shorts, ints and long +longs. +</P><P> + +Arrays are considered as pointers <CODE>VT_PTR</CODE> with the flag +<CODE>VT_ARRAY</CODE> set. Variable length arrays are considered as special +arrays and have flag <CODE>VT_VLA</CODE> set instead of <CODE>VT_ARRAY</CODE>. +</P><P> + +The <CODE>VT_BITFIELD</CODE> flag can be set for chars, shorts, ints and long +longs. If it is set, then the bitfield position is stored from bits +VT_STRUCT_SHIFT to VT_STRUCT_SHIFT + 5 and the bit field size is stored +from bits VT_STRUCT_SHIFT + 6 to VT_STRUCT_SHIFT + 11. +</P><P> + +<CODE>VT_LONG</CODE> is never used except during parsing. +</P><P> + +During parsing, the storage of an object is also stored in the type +integer: +</P><P> + +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>#define VT_EXTERN 0x00000080 /* extern definition */ +#define VT_STATIC 0x00000100 /* static variable */ +#define VT_TYPEDEF 0x00000200 /* typedef definition */ +#define VT_INLINE 0x00000400 /* inline definition */ +#define VT_IMPORT 0x00004000 /* win32: extern data imported from dll */ +#define VT_EXPORT 0x00008000 /* win32: data exported from dll */ +#define VT_WEAK 0x00010000 /* win32: data exported from dll */ +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC28"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC27"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC29"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC29"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC23"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ >> ]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 8.5 Symbols </H2> +<!--docid::SEC28::--> +<P> + +All symbols are stored in hashed symbol stacks. Each symbol stack +contains <CODE>Sym</CODE> structures. +</P><P> + +<CODE>Sym.v</CODE> contains the symbol name (remember +an identifier is also a token, so a string is never necessary to store +it). <CODE>Sym.t</CODE> gives the type of the symbol. <CODE>Sym.r</CODE> is usually +the register in which the corresponding variable is stored. <CODE>Sym.c</CODE> is +usually a constant associated to the symbol like its address for normal +symbols, and the number of entries for symbols representing arrays. +Variable length array types use <CODE>Sym.c</CODE> as a location on the stack +which holds the runtime sizeof for the type. +</P><P> + +Four main symbol stacks are defined: +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> + +<DT><CODE>define_stack</CODE> +<DD>for the macros (<CODE>#define</CODE>s). +<P> + +<DT><CODE>global_stack</CODE> +<DD>for the global variables, functions and types. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>local_stack</CODE> +<DD>for the local variables, functions and types. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>global_label_stack</CODE> +<DD>for the local labels (for <CODE>goto</CODE>). +<P> + +<DT><CODE>label_stack</CODE> +<DD>for GCC block local labels (see the <CODE>__label__</CODE> keyword). +<P> + +</DL> +<P> + +<CODE>sym_push()</CODE> is used to add a new symbol in the local symbol +stack. If no local symbol stack is active, it is added in the global +symbol stack. +</P><P> + +<CODE>sym_pop(st,b)</CODE> pops symbols from the symbol stack <VAR>st</VAR> until +the symbol <VAR>b</VAR> is on the top of stack. If <VAR>b</VAR> is NULL, the stack +is emptied. +</P><P> + +<CODE>sym_find(v)</CODE> return the symbol associated to the identifier +<VAR>v</VAR>. The local stack is searched first from top to bottom, then the +global stack. +</P><P> + +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC29"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC28"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC30"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC30"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC23"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ >> ]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 8.6 Sections </H2> +<!--docid::SEC29::--> +<P> + +The generated code and data are written in sections. The structure +<CODE>Section</CODE> contains all the necessary information for a given +section. <CODE>new_section()</CODE> creates a new section. ELF file semantics +is assumed for each section. +</P><P> + +The following sections are predefined: +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> + +<DT><CODE>text_section</CODE> +<DD>is the section containing the generated code. <VAR>ind</VAR> contains the +current position in the code section. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>data_section</CODE> +<DD>contains initialized data +<P> + +<DT><CODE>bss_section</CODE> +<DD>contains uninitialized data +<P> + +<DT><CODE>bounds_section</CODE> +<DD><DT><CODE>lbounds_section</CODE> +<DD>are used when bound checking is activated +<P> + +<DT><CODE>stab_section</CODE> +<DD><DT><CODE>stabstr_section</CODE> +<DD>are used when debugging is active to store debug information +<P> + +<DT><CODE>symtab_section</CODE> +<DD><DT><CODE>strtab_section</CODE> +<DD>contain the exported symbols (currently only used for debugging). +<P> + +</DL> +<P> + +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC30"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC29"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC31"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC35"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC23"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC35"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 8.7 Code generation </H2> +<!--docid::SEC30::--> +<P> + +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC31"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC30"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC32"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC35"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC30"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC35"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 8.7.1 Introduction </H3> +<!--docid::SEC31::--> +<P> + +The TCC code generator directly generates linked binary code in one +pass. It is rather unusual these days (see gcc for example which +generates text assembly), but it can be very fast and surprisingly +little complicated. +</P><P> + +The TCC code generator is register based. Optimization is only done at +the expression level. No intermediate representation of expression is +kept except the current values stored in the <EM>value stack</EM>. +</P><P> + +On x86, three temporary registers are used. When more registers are +needed, one register is spilled into a new temporary variable on the stack. +</P><P> + +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC32"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC31"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC33"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC33"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC30"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC35"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 8.7.2 The value stack </H3> +<!--docid::SEC32::--> +<P> + +When an expression is parsed, its value is pushed on the value stack +(<VAR>vstack</VAR>). The top of the value stack is <VAR>vtop</VAR>. Each value +stack entry is the structure <CODE>SValue</CODE>. +</P><P> + +<CODE>SValue.t</CODE> is the type. <CODE>SValue.r</CODE> indicates how the value is +currently stored in the generated code. It is usually a CPU register +index (<CODE>REG_xxx</CODE> constants), but additional values and flags are +defined: +</P><P> + +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>#define VT_CONST 0x00f0 +#define VT_LLOCAL 0x00f1 +#define VT_LOCAL 0x00f2 +#define VT_CMP 0x00f3 +#define VT_JMP 0x00f4 +#define VT_JMPI 0x00f5 +#define VT_LVAL 0x0100 +#define VT_SYM 0x0200 +#define VT_MUSTCAST 0x0400 +#define VT_MUSTBOUND 0x0800 +#define VT_BOUNDED 0x8000 +#define VT_LVAL_BYTE 0x1000 +#define VT_LVAL_SHORT 0x2000 +#define VT_LVAL_UNSIGNED 0x4000 +#define VT_LVAL_TYPE (VT_LVAL_BYTE | VT_LVAL_SHORT | VT_LVAL_UNSIGNED) +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> + +<DT><CODE>VT_CONST</CODE> +<DD>indicates that the value is a constant. It is stored in the union +<CODE>SValue.c</CODE>, depending on its type. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>VT_LOCAL</CODE> +<DD>indicates a local variable pointer at offset <CODE>SValue.c.i</CODE> in the +stack. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>VT_CMP</CODE> +<DD>indicates that the value is actually stored in the CPU flags (i.e. the +value is the consequence of a test). The value is either 0 or 1. The +actual CPU flags used is indicated in <CODE>SValue.c.i</CODE>. +<P> + +If any code is generated which destroys the CPU flags, this value MUST be +put in a normal register. +</P><P> + +<DT><CODE>VT_JMP</CODE> +<DD><DT><CODE>VT_JMPI</CODE> +<DD>indicates that the value is the consequence of a conditional jump. For VT_JMP, +it is 1 if the jump is taken, 0 otherwise. For VT_JMPI it is inverted. +<P> + +These values are used to compile the <CODE>||</CODE> and <CODE>&&</CODE> logical +operators. +</P><P> + +If any code is generated, this value MUST be put in a normal +register. Otherwise, the generated code won't be executed if the jump is +taken. +</P><P> + +<DT><CODE>VT_LVAL</CODE> +<DD>is a flag indicating that the value is actually an lvalue (left value of +an assignment). It means that the value stored is actually a pointer to +the wanted value. +<P> + +Understanding the use <CODE>VT_LVAL</CODE> is very important if you want to +understand how TCC works. +</P><P> + +<DT><CODE>VT_LVAL_BYTE</CODE> +<DD><DT><CODE>VT_LVAL_SHORT</CODE> +<DD><DT><CODE>VT_LVAL_UNSIGNED</CODE> +<DD>if the lvalue has an integer type, then these flags give its real +type. The type alone is not enough in case of cast optimisations. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>VT_LLOCAL</CODE> +<DD>is a saved lvalue on the stack. <CODE>VT_LVAL</CODE> must also be set with +<CODE>VT_LLOCAL</CODE>. <CODE>VT_LLOCAL</CODE> can arise when a <CODE>VT_LVAL</CODE> in +a register has to be saved to the stack, or it can come from an +architecture-specific calling convention. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>VT_MUSTCAST</CODE> +<DD>indicates that a cast to the value type must be performed if the value +is used (lazy casting). +<P> + +<DT><CODE>VT_SYM</CODE> +<DD>indicates that the symbol <CODE>SValue.sym</CODE> must be added to the constant. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>VT_MUSTBOUND</CODE> +<DD><DT><CODE>VT_BOUNDED</CODE> +<DD>are only used for optional bound checking. +<P> + +</DL> +<P> + +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC33"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC32"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC34"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC34"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC30"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC35"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 8.7.3 Manipulating the value stack </H3> +<!--docid::SEC33::--> +<P> + +<CODE>vsetc()</CODE> and <CODE>vset()</CODE> pushes a new value on the value +stack. If the previous <VAR>vtop</VAR> was stored in a very unsafe place(for +example in the CPU flags), then some code is generated to put the +previous <VAR>vtop</VAR> in a safe storage. +</P><P> + +<CODE>vpop()</CODE> pops <VAR>vtop</VAR>. In some cases, it also generates cleanup +code (for example if stacked floating point registers are used as on +x86). +</P><P> + +The <CODE>gv(rc)</CODE> function generates code to evaluate <VAR>vtop</VAR> (the +top value of the stack) into registers. <VAR>rc</VAR> selects in which +register class the value should be put. <CODE>gv()</CODE> is the <EM>most +important function</EM> of the code generator. +</P><P> + +<CODE>gv2()</CODE> is the same as <CODE>gv()</CODE> but for the top two stack +entries. +</P><P> + +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC34"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC33"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC35"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC35"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC30"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC35"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 8.7.4 CPU dependent code generation </H3> +<!--docid::SEC34::--> +See the <TT>`i386-gen.c'</TT> file to have an example. +<P> + +<DL COMPACT> + +<DT><CODE>load()</CODE> +<DD>must generate the code needed to load a stack value into a register. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>store()</CODE> +<DD>must generate the code needed to store a register into a stack value +lvalue. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>gfunc_start()</CODE> +<DD><DT><CODE>gfunc_param()</CODE> +<DD><DT><CODE>gfunc_call()</CODE> +<DD>should generate a function call +<P> + +<DT><CODE>gfunc_prolog()</CODE> +<DD><DT><CODE>gfunc_epilog()</CODE> +<DD>should generate a function prolog/epilog. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>gen_opi(op)</CODE> +<DD>must generate the binary integer operation <VAR>op</VAR> on the two top +entries of the stack which are guaranteed to contain integer types. +<P> + +The result value should be put on the stack. +</P><P> + +<DT><CODE>gen_opf(op)</CODE> +<DD>same as <CODE>gen_opi()</CODE> for floating point operations. The two top +entries of the stack are guaranteed to contain floating point values of +same types. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>gen_cvt_itof()</CODE> +<DD>integer to floating point conversion. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>gen_cvt_ftoi()</CODE> +<DD>floating point to integer conversion. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>gen_cvt_ftof()</CODE> +<DD>floating point to floating point of different size conversion. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>gen_bounded_ptr_add()</CODE> +<DD><DT><CODE>gen_bounded_ptr_deref()</CODE> +<DD>are only used for bounds checking. +<P> + +</DL> +<P> + +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC35"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC34"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ << ]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC23"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ >> ]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 8.8 Optimizations done </H2> +<!--docid::SEC35::--> +Constant propagation is done for all operations. Multiplications and +divisions are optimized to shifts when appropriate. Comparison +operators are optimized by maintaining a special cache for the +processor flags. &&, || and ! are optimized by maintaining a special +'jump target' value. No other jump optimization is currently performed +because it would require to store the code in a more abstract fashion. +<P> + +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC36"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC35"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ > ]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ << ]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ >> ]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H1> Concept Index </H1> +<!--docid::SEC36::--> +<table><tr><th valign=top>Jump to: </th><td><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp__" style="text-decoration:none"><b>_</b></A> + +<BR> +<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_A" style="text-decoration:none"><b>A</b></A> + +<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_B" style="text-decoration:none"><b>B</b></A> + +<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_C" style="text-decoration:none"><b>C</b></A> + +<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_D" style="text-decoration:none"><b>D</b></A> + +<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_E" style="text-decoration:none"><b>E</b></A> + +<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_F" style="text-decoration:none"><b>F</b></A> + +<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_G" style="text-decoration:none"><b>G</b></A> + +<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_I" style="text-decoration:none"><b>I</b></A> + +<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_J" style="text-decoration:none"><b>J</b></A> + +<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_L" style="text-decoration:none"><b>L</b></A> + +<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_M" style="text-decoration:none"><b>M</b></A> + +<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_O" style="text-decoration:none"><b>O</b></A> + +<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_P" style="text-decoration:none"><b>P</b></A> + +<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_Q" style="text-decoration:none"><b>Q</b></A> + +<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_R" style="text-decoration:none"><b>R</b></A> + +<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_S" style="text-decoration:none"><b>S</b></A> + +<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_T" style="text-decoration:none"><b>T</b></A> + +<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_U" style="text-decoration:none"><b>U</b></A> + +<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_V" style="text-decoration:none"><b>V</b></A> + +<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_W" style="text-decoration:none"><b>W</b></A> + +</td></tr></table><br><P></P> +<TABLE border=0> +<TR><TD></TD><TH ALIGN=LEFT>Index Entry</TH><TH ALIGN=LEFT> Section</TH></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="cp__"></A>_</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#IDX11">__asm__</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_A"></A>A</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">align directive</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">4.4 Directives</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#IDX1">aligned attribute</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">ascii directive</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">4.4 Directives</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">asciz directive</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">4.4 Directives</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC15">assembler</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC15">4.5 X86 Assembler</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">assembler directives</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">4.4 Directives</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#IDX10">assembly, inline</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_B"></A>B</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC21">bound checks</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC21">6. TinyCC Memory and Bound checks</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">bss directive</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">4.4 Directives</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">byte directive</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">4.4 Directives</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_C"></A>C</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC35">caching processor flags</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC35">8.8 Optimizations done</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#IDX5">cdecl attribute</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC30">code generation</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC30">8.7 Code generation</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC35">comparison operators</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC35">8.8 Optimizations done</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC35">constant propagation</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC35">8.8 Optimizations done</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC34">CPU dependent</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC34">8.7.4 CPU dependent code generation</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_D"></A>D</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">data directive</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">4.4 Directives</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">directives, assembler</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">4.4 Directives</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#IDX8">dllexport attribute</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_E"></A>E</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC17">ELF</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC17">5.1 ELF file generation</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_F"></A>F</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC20">FILE, linker command</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC20">5.4 GNU Linker Scripts</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">fill directive</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">4.4 Directives</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC35">flags, caching</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC35">8.8 Optimizations done</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_G"></A>G</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#IDX12">gas</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">global directive</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">4.4 Directives</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">globl directive</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">4.4 Directives</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC20">GROUP, linker command</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC20">5.4 GNU Linker Scripts</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_I"></A>I</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#IDX9">inline assembly</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">int directive</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">4.4 Directives</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_J"></A>J</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC35">jump optimization</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC35">8.8 Optimizations done</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_L"></A>L</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC16">linker</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC16">5. TinyCC Linker</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC20">linker scripts</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC20">5.4 GNU Linker Scripts</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">long directive</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">4.4 Directives</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_M"></A>M</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC21">memory checks</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC21">6. TinyCC Memory and Bound checks</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_O"></A>O</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC35">optimizations</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC35">8.8 Optimizations done</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">org directive</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">4.4 Directives</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC20">OUTPUT_FORMAT, linker command</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC20">5.4 GNU Linker Scripts</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_P"></A>P</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#IDX2">packed attribute</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC19">PE-i386</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC19">5.3 PE-i386 file generation</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">previous directive</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">4.4 Directives</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_Q"></A>Q</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">quad directive</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">4.4 Directives</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_R"></A>R</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#IDX7">regparm attribute</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_S"></A>S</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC20">scripts, linker</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC20">5.4 GNU Linker Scripts</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#IDX3">section attribute</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">section directive</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">4.4 Directives</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">short directive</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">4.4 Directives</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">skip directive</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">4.4 Directives</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">space directive</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">4.4 Directives</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#IDX6">stdcall attribute</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC35">strength reduction</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC35">8.8 Optimizations done</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">string directive</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">4.4 Directives</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_T"></A>T</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC20">TARGET, linker command</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC20">5.4 GNU Linker Scripts</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">text directive</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">4.4 Directives</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_U"></A>U</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#IDX4">unused attribute</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_V"></A>V</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC33">value stack</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC33">8.7.3 Manipulating the value stack</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC32">value stack, introduction</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC32">8.7.2 The value stack</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_W"></A>W</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">word directive</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">4.4 Directives</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +</TABLE><P></P><table><tr><th valign=top>Jump to: </th><td><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp__" style="text-decoration:none"><b>_</b></A> + +<BR> +<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_A" style="text-decoration:none"><b>A</b></A> + +<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_B" style="text-decoration:none"><b>B</b></A> + +<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_C" style="text-decoration:none"><b>C</b></A> + +<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_D" style="text-decoration:none"><b>D</b></A> + +<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_E" style="text-decoration:none"><b>E</b></A> + +<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_F" style="text-decoration:none"><b>F</b></A> + +<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_G" style="text-decoration:none"><b>G</b></A> + +<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_I" style="text-decoration:none"><b>I</b></A> + +<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_J" style="text-decoration:none"><b>J</b></A> + +<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_L" style="text-decoration:none"><b>L</b></A> + +<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_M" style="text-decoration:none"><b>M</b></A> + +<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_O" style="text-decoration:none"><b>O</b></A> + +<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_P" style="text-decoration:none"><b>P</b></A> + +<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_Q" style="text-decoration:none"><b>Q</b></A> + +<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_R" style="text-decoration:none"><b>R</b></A> + +<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_S" style="text-decoration:none"><b>S</b></A> + +<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_T" style="text-decoration:none"><b>T</b></A> + +<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_U" style="text-decoration:none"><b>U</b></A> + +<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_V" style="text-decoration:none"><b>V</b></A> + +<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_W" style="text-decoration:none"><b>W</b></A> + +</td></tr></table><br><P> + +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC_Contents"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H1>Table of Contents</H1> +<UL> +<A NAME="TOC1" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC1">1. Introduction</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC2" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC2">2. Command line invocation</A> +<BR> +<UL> +<A NAME="TOC3" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC3">2.1 Quick start</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC4" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC4">2.2 Option summary</A> +<BR> +</UL> +<A NAME="TOC5" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC5">3. C language support</A> +<BR> +<UL> +<A NAME="TOC6" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC6">3.1 ANSI C</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC7" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC7">3.2 ISOC99 extensions</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC8" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC9" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC9">3.4 TinyCC extensions</A> +<BR> +</UL> +<A NAME="TOC10" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC10">4. TinyCC Assembler</A> +<BR> +<UL> +<A NAME="TOC11" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC11">4.1 Syntax</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC12" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC12">4.2 Expressions</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC13" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC13">4.3 Labels</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC14" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">4.4 Directives</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC15" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC15">4.5 X86 Assembler</A> +<BR> +</UL> +<A NAME="TOC16" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC16">5. TinyCC Linker</A> +<BR> +<UL> +<A NAME="TOC17" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC17">5.1 ELF file generation</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC18" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC18">5.2 ELF file loader</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC19" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC19">5.3 PE-i386 file generation</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC20" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC20">5.4 GNU Linker Scripts</A> +<BR> +</UL> +<A NAME="TOC21" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC21">6. TinyCC Memory and Bound checks</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC22" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC22">7. The <CODE>libtcc</CODE> library</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC23" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC23">8. Developer's guide</A> +<BR> +<UL> +<A NAME="TOC24" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC24">8.1 File reading</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC25" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC25">8.2 Lexer</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC26" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC26">8.3 Parser</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC27" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC27">8.4 Types</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC28" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC28">8.5 Symbols</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC29" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC29">8.6 Sections</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC30" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC30">8.7 Code generation</A> +<BR> +<UL> +<A NAME="TOC31" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC31">8.7.1 Introduction</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC32" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC32">8.7.2 The value stack</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC33" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC33">8.7.3 Manipulating the value stack</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC34" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC34">8.7.4 CPU dependent code generation</A> +<BR> +</UL> +<A NAME="TOC35" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC35">8.8 Optimizations done</A> +<BR> +</UL> +<A NAME="TOC36" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Concept Index</A> +<BR> +</UL> +<HR SIZE=1> +<A NAME="SEC_OVERVIEW"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H1>Short Table of Contents</H1> +<BLOCKQUOTE> +<A NAME="TOC1" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC1">1. Introduction</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC2" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC2">2. Command line invocation</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC5" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC5">3. C language support</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC10" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC10">4. TinyCC Assembler</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC16" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC16">5. TinyCC Linker</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC21" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC21">6. TinyCC Memory and Bound checks</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC22" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC22">7. The <CODE>libtcc</CODE> library</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC23" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC23">8. Developer's guide</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC36" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Concept Index</A> +<BR> + +</BLOCKQUOTE> +<HR SIZE=1> +<A NAME="SEC_About"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H1>About this document</H1> +This document was generated on <I>December, 17 2017</I> +using <A HREF="http://www.mathematik.uni-kl.de/~obachman/Texi2html +"><I>texi2html</I></A> +<P></P> +The buttons in the navigation panels have the following meaning: +<P></P> +<table border = "1"> +<TR> +<TH> Button </TH> +<TH> Name </TH> +<TH> Go to </TH> +<TH> From 1.2.3 go to</TH> +</TR> +<TR> +<TD ALIGN="CENTER"> + [ < ] </TD> +<TD ALIGN="CENTER"> +Back +</TD> +<TD> +previous section in reading order +</TD> +<TD> +1.2.2 +</TD> +</TR> +<TR> +<TD ALIGN="CENTER"> + [ > ] </TD> +<TD ALIGN="CENTER"> +Forward +</TD> +<TD> +next section in reading order +</TD> +<TD> +1.2.4 +</TD> +</TR> +<TR> +<TD ALIGN="CENTER"> + [ << ] </TD> +<TD ALIGN="CENTER"> +FastBack +</TD> +<TD> +previous or up-and-previous section +</TD> +<TD> +1.1 +</TD> +</TR> +<TR> +<TD ALIGN="CENTER"> + [ Up ] </TD> +<TD ALIGN="CENTER"> +Up +</TD> +<TD> +up section +</TD> +<TD> +1.2 +</TD> +</TR> +<TR> +<TD ALIGN="CENTER"> + [ >> ] </TD> +<TD ALIGN="CENTER"> +FastForward +</TD> +<TD> +next or up-and-next section +</TD> +<TD> +1.3 +</TD> +</TR> +<TR> +<TD ALIGN="CENTER"> + [Top] </TD> +<TD ALIGN="CENTER"> +Top +</TD> +<TD> +cover (top) of document +</TD> +<TD> + +</TD> +</TR> +<TR> +<TD ALIGN="CENTER"> + [Contents] </TD> +<TD ALIGN="CENTER"> +Contents +</TD> +<TD> +table of contents +</TD> +<TD> + +</TD> +</TR> +<TR> +<TD ALIGN="CENTER"> + [Index] </TD> +<TD ALIGN="CENTER"> +Index +</TD> +<TD> +concept index +</TD> +<TD> + +</TD> +</TR> +<TR> +<TD ALIGN="CENTER"> + [ ? ] </TD> +<TD ALIGN="CENTER"> +About +</TD> +<TD> +this page +</TD> +<TD> + +</TD> +</TR> +</TABLE> +<P></P> +where the <STRONG> Example </STRONG> assumes that the current position +is at <STRONG> Subsubsection One-Two-Three </STRONG> of a document of +the following structure: +<UL> +<LI> 1. 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